Method and apparatus for detecting and measuring conditions affecting color

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for determining the condition of a test subject based on color uses a color measuring instrument to detect change in a color factor indicative of a condition such as a disease, spoilage, ageing, etc. A medical condition such as bilirubinemia that affects skin color can be detected. One measures color factors such as Hunter b and L in the subjects&#39; skin color. For predetermined ranges of one color factor, in particular L, changes in the other color factor, e.g. Hunter b, above predetermined levels are indicative of the medical condition. In many cases, a single measurement of the color factors can be utilized as a warning of the likelihood of the medical or contaminated condition, if the ordinary range of the color factor is known for healthy individuals with skin coloration like that of the test subject. Even if there has been no baseline measurement and the test subject&#39;s color is such that a single reading of one or two color factors will not warn of the possible presence of the medical condition or contamination, sequential readings can indicate the presence or absence of the condition based upon changes in the measured color factor, or lack of changes. The color measuring techniques apply to a wide range of biological test subjects (e.g. hair, teeth, tissue, excretions, foods, soil, animals, plants). Methods and apparatus for determining accurate hair color classifications and appropriate coloring agents to bring about a selected change of color include a table of hair color classifications, a color measuring instrument to arrive at Hunter L, a and b for use in identifying a particular classification from the table and a database that identifies appropriate coloring agents based on a selection of coloring actions from a menu and the classifications of hair color.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/939,232,filed Sep. 29, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,157,445, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/239,733('733 application), filed May 9, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,735, andis a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/481,174('174 application), filed Jun. 8, 1995 now abandoned. U.S. applicationSer. No. 08/939,232 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/657,590, filed Jun. 7 1996 and of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/476,809, filed Jun. 8, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No.6,067,504. The '809 and '174 applications are each acontinuation-in-part of the '733 application, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/021,657,filed Feb. 22, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,313,267. Ser. No. 08/021,657 isa continuation of Ser. No. 818,488, filed Dec. 30, 1991, which is acontinuation of Ser. No. 402,815, filed Aug. 24, 1989. No right ofpriority is claimed based upon any application filed earlier than Aug.24, 1989.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the detectionand/or measurement of a condition that affects the color of a testsubject, and more particularly to a process and instrument for measuringat least one color characteristic or factor of a test subject indicativeof the condition of interest such as biological condition or haircoloration.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Visual observation of a subject for changes in coloration indicative ofa particular condition has often occurred. The subject may be a personor animal being observed to determine the presence or absence of amedical condition. The color characteristics or a single colorcharacteristic of other test subjects such as biopsy specimens orexcretions have diagnostic value.

An individual person's skin color is often assessed by her or hisdoctor. Hypertension, tuberculosis, sclerosis of the liver, to name justa few, are examples of ailments with symptomatic skin color changesamong at least a sizeable population segment. Hair color evaluation anddental coloration evaluation are valuable. These may bear on the healthof the individual, or on the health of the individual's hair and teeth,or these may permit accurate cosmetic activities, for example, tocounteract graying or to accurately match new dental work to existingteeth.

Likewise, the condition of plants and agricultural products is visuallyinspected for color as an indication of condition. Contamination of soilis likewise apparent from visual inspection. Such visual inspections aresubjective. Measuring by instrument the color characteristics that arekey to the visual inspection has the benefit of objectivity andconsistency.

In the past, hyperbilirubinemia in newborns has been detected byvisually observing an individual for jaundice or by routinely taking andtesting a blood sample. Upon detection, hyperbilirubinemia has beentreated by phototherapy. During the course of phototherapy, bloodsamples have been taken and tested at regular intervals until it wasdetermined that the level of serum bilirubin had decreased to anacceptable level.

In infants, there is little blood available for use in the blood testingfor hyperbilirubinemia. So much blood is drawn that transfusions areoften necessary to replace the drawn blood. The newborn is therebyexposed to all of the risks that transfusions bring. Blood sampling andtransfusions are, of course, painful to the newborn, and as with anyinvasive procedure, both present medical risks, such as for example,risk of infection. There is a need, therefore, for a reliable,noninvasive technique for detecting and measuring a skin color affectingmedical condition such as hyperbilirubinemia.

This is one example of a wider need for procedures and instruments toobjectively and consistently determine a color characteristic or factorindicative of the condition of a test subject or indicative of aparticular ailment or condition. The methods and apparatus of thisinvention can be employed where previously visual inspection, of whichexamples are given above, have been carried out at least in part on thebasis of observable color characteristics.

This invention also relates to a method and apparatus for thecategorizing of hair color and hair color treatment agents for theirinterrelationship, and more particularly to a process and instrument formeasuring three color characteristics of hair color and categorizing itand determining the effect of a wide variety of hair coloring agentsthereon.

Hair coloring agent choices are often made by a consumer based onrelatively vague indications of the color to be expected as a result ofthe use of the agent on an individual person's hair. This approach doesnot take into consideration the color of the hair that is to be treatedand how interaction of that particular individual's hair color with thecoloring agent will affect the resultant color.

No reliable source of information has been available to a privateconsumer regarding what the actual color of her or his hair is and whathair coloring agent will provide the hair color alteration that consumerseeks.

Consequently it can be seen there exists a need for procedures andapparatus that will accurately characterize an individual's hair colorto enable selection of appropriate coloring agents for a desired colorresult. Likewise there exists a need for a reliable process andinstrumentation to permit the use of the accurate color characterizationof an individual's hair color in the selection of hair coloring agentsto effect hair color alterations of a type desired by the individual.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to this invention there is provided a method and apparatus fordetecting and quantitatively measuring a condition affecting the colorof a test subject. The method includes measuring at least one colorcharacteristic of the subject.

In one exemplary procedure according to this invention at least one skincolor characteristic is measured at least at first and second points intime. To test for hyperbilirubinemia, the two measurements are thencompared for change. In the preferred procedure a second skin colorcharacteristic is also measured on the basis of which the subject can beassigned to one of plural categories among which varying amounts ofchange in the first-mentioned skin color characteristic are indicativeof the presence of a medical condition. The first characteristic is thenobserved for a change of measured value sufficient to indicate themedical condition for a subject in that category. Preferably, a basereading of at least the first color characteristic is first made at atime the subject is without characteristic skin coloration indicative ofthe medical condition for which he or she is to be tested.

In the case of hyperbilirubinemia detection, the first skin colorcharacteristic is Hunter b, which is a color factor dependent on therelative content, in a color, of two opponent colors, yellow and blue.Hunter b is a factor comprising a first function (Y) weighted in a firstportion of the spectrum, the yellower portion, a second function (Z)weighted in a second portion of the spectrum, the bluer portion, and aweighting term (1/Y^(½)) that is a function of the lightness of a colorand that decreases the value of the color factor as lightness increases.Y and Z are part of the three tristimulus values X, Y and Z known to thecolor scientist for the purpose of defining a color. They are measurableby commercially available instruments such as colorimeters.

In the case of testing newborns for hyperbilirubinemia, readings ofHunter b and the Hunter lightness measure L are made shortly afterbirth. These can provide the base reading since hyperbilirubinemia doesnot manifest itself immediately after birth. The first reading ispreferably made within five hours, but as soon as possible after birth.Subsequent readings are then made during the next few days. Thesubsequent readings of Hunter b are compared with the first, baselinereading of Hunter b to determine whether Hunter b has increased to anextent that indicates a degree of jaundice characteristic ofhyperbilirubinemia for a person having the range of the subject'sparticular skin lightness L. L is measured during each subsequent testto be sure that it remains close to the original reading. This gives adegree of confidence that the test procedures are being conductedappropriately.

In the event that the medical condition affecting skin color is detectedin a procedure like that described above for hyperbilirubinemia, thenthe measuring of skin color characteristics continues at regularintervals until the symptomatic color characteristic abates sufficientlyto indicate the individual's recovery from the medical condition. In thecase of hyperbilirubinemia, phototherapy is administered once asufficient change in Hunter b is observed to indicate the jaundice ofhyperbilirubinemia. Throughout the course of phototherapy, then, theHunter b and L characteristics are continually monitored until thejaundice has been eliminated. This is valuable in removing the newbornfrom under the phototherapy lamps, since there is the danger of damageto the newborn's eyes in the event eye protection is prematurely removedor accidentally dislodged.

The apparatus used in accordance with this invention includes a colormeasuring device such as a colorimeter and computational means forstoring and comparing the characteristic or characteristics that aremeasured when testing for the medical condition. Where Hunter b ismeasured for the purpose of detecting hyperbilirubinemia, a colorimetercapable of calculating Hunter b and L can be used. This can be acommercially available colorimeter with this capability. Thecomputational means preferably has sufficient memory to store one ormore previous readings and should be programmed to compare previous andcurrent readings to detect changes in Hunter b and L. Preferably thecolorimeter and the computational means are integrated in a singleinstrument, but the commercial colorimeter can be utilized incooperation with, for example, a personal computer, which stores and cancompare Hunter b and L values from measurements taken at timedintervals. Likewise, the computational means, whether an integrated partof the instrument or a separate computer, can be used to store ranges oflightness L and the increases in Hunter b that, for the variouslightness ranges, indicate an unacceptable increase in serum bilirubin.

In one embodiment Hunter a is also measured. The ordinary range ofHunter a for individuals is known. If Hunter a lies outside the ordinaryrange the reason for this should be determined. If it is because theinfant is flushed from crying or has just been washed and rubbed dry theHunter a is not an indication of a medical problem. If Hunter a is abovethe ordinary range, but the infant has not been crying, or recentlywashed or some other non-medical reason, a circulatory problem could bethe reason and bears watching to observe if a medical condition ispresent or phototherapy is in progress. Also, Hunter a sometimesincreases just before the jaundice due to hyperbilirubinemia increasingHunter b. Hunter a, then, may be a warning for closer observation toobserve if a medical condition is present or phototherapy is inprogress. A decrease in Hunter a along with an increase in both Hunter Land Hunter b such that the ratio of Hunter L to Hunter b remainsessentially constant can mean that the infant is anemic and thereforepale, in which case the increase in Hunter b (with a simultaneousincrease in Hunter L) would not be indicative of hyperbilirubinemia. Theobservation of Hunter a then may suggest various medical conditions andit allows one to understand the Hunter L and b readings better and to bemore certain whether they are or are not indicative ofhyperbilirubinemia.

Preferably, each skin color characteristic measurement used to assessthe presence or absence of the condition for which testing is carriedout is actually an average of multiple tests. For example, when newbornsare tested for the jaundice that signals hyperbilirubinemia, multiplereadings are made at multiple sites. Five or six Hunter value readingsare made at, for example, each of several locations which may includesome or all of a forehead location, at least one chest location, a cheeklocation and two back locations. Out of range Hunter L, a and b valuesare discarded. At each site, the Hunter readings that have the highestand lowest values of L, a and b are discarded, then all of the readingsof each Hunter characteristic are averaged for each site. Subsequentreadings are made in the same manner at exactly the same sites andcompared. As used herein, the terms “Hunter a,” “Hunter b,” and “HunterL” include such average values, but are not limited to just the valuesarrived at by the averaging technique unless expressly so-limited. Thediscarding and averaging is readily accomplished by the computationalprovisions of the test equipment. The averaging technique may improvethe testing of other than skin color where the testing steps of thisinvention are used, for example in the evaluation of hair by colormeasurement.

In skin color testing, it is important to cleanse the site utilizing acleansing agent that does not contribute any coloration. Likewise, whentesting is carried out on test subjects other than an individual's skin,the test subject should be free of any color altering contaminant. Inskin color testing, the site on the test subject should be dry, and inall cases the instrument should have the capability of being applied tothe site in such a manner that ambient light does not enter theinstrument.

In one method according to the invention Hunter L and b are used. HunterL is monitored for consistency each time measurements are made. Thechange in Hunter b is monitored for a warning of hyperbilirubinemia. Inanother method according to the invention Hunter L, a and b are used.Hunter L is monitored for consistency, Hunter b is monitored for awarning of hyperbilirubinemia, and Hunter a is observed for additionalinformation as to the infant's condition.

Determination of the first and second skin color characteristics, HunterL and b, at just one point in time can indicate or strongly suggest amedical condition affecting skin color if the first characteristicmeasurement is observed to lie outside a range of values for thatcharacteristic known by experience to be normal for a subject having theparticular measured value of the second characteristic. Again the valueof Hunter a should be observed and if abnormal the reason should besought. For example, in many individuals hyperbilirubinemia is stronglysuggested if Hunter b and L are measured and it is determined that,based on skin color categories previously observed, Hunter b is aboveany ordinary value for a subject with skin having the L value measured.Also, even if baseline readings of Hunter b and L (and preferably a) arenot made, changes in the value of Hunter b can nevertheless signal thepresence of hyperbilirubinemia if measurements of the Hunter values aremade at timed intervals in the foregoing fashion. Out of the ordinaryincreases in Hunter b, of for example two or more points, can be anindication of hyperbilirubinemia when the measured L value remains in aconstant range from one measurement to the next. Similarly, largedecreases in Hunter b, of for example two or more points, can be anindication of hyperbilirubinemia from which the infant is recovering,again if L remains relatively constant. If Hunter a changes due to amedical condition such as anemia and the ratio of Hunter L and Hunter bchanges, then it is likely necessary to take the anemia into account,for example by using a different change in Hunter b to indicatehyperbilirubinemia or by multiplying Hunter b by a compensatory factor.

Significant testing has established the value of the foregoingtechniques in detecting hyperbilirubinemia. The same techniques willindicate other jaundice-producing medical conditions in human and animalsubjects. Hepatitis or liver disorders are examples of such medicalconditions susceptible to diagnosis with the methods and apparatus ofthis invention.

Tuberculosis has been observed to affect skin color in dark skinnedindividuals such as many persons of African descent. Appropriate colormeasurement in accordance with this invention may provide a valuablediagnostic tool.

Biopsy specimens, body fluids, excretions, etc. are visually inspectedfor color. The techniques and instrumentation according to thisinvention can provide objectivity and consistency to such inspections.

According to this invention there is also provided a method andapparatus for accurately characterizing the hair color of individuals toenable identification of the hair color and products suitable to achievea desired change in hair color, and more particularly to a method andapparatus for measuring color factors in an individual's hair color toassign that hair color to a classification previously determined tointeract with identified hair coloring agents to bring about predictablecolor changes.

Through experimentation over a prolonged period, the applicants wereable to compile a vast amount of information relating to coloration ofvirtually every imaginable hair color. Thousands of individual hairsamples were treated with many various coloring agents. The hair colorbefore and after such treatment was accurately, scientifically measuredand characterized using known, reliable color measurement. Hair colorwas then assembled into a large number of categories based on ranges ofthe measured color factors. A database was assembled comprising thedesired changes available through various hair coloring agents and theparticular agents that would effect those changes in human hair to thevarious categories.

Instrumentation was implemented to measure from an individual's hair thecolor factors that operate to place the hair color in one of thenumerous hair color classifications and to identify that classificationto the individual or the individual's hair specialist. In addition, theinstrumentation was arranged to allow for selection of a desiredalteration in hair color, and on the basis of the gathered empiricaldata, hair coloring agents capable of effecting the desired change werelocated from within a database.

In an embodiment of the invention, the process for hair color analysisis carried out by measuring with a measuring instrument the value of anumber of color factors in the color of an individual's hair at varioussites, and then providing an indicator or table having a large number ofhair color classifications defining ranges of those same color factors,and finally comparing the color factors of the indicator or table to themeasured color factors to arrive at a classification of the individual'shair color.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention just described the colorfactors were Hunter L, a and b.

In an instrumentation implementing the process just described, acolorimeter was used to measure the color factors. The indicator ortable having a large number of color classifications was retained incomputer memory, and the comparison was made electronically between thememory retained classifications and the measured color factors.

To use the process just described a list or menu of possible choices forvarying hair color was presented. Upon selection of that choice, alongwith the hair color classification as previously determined, is usedtogether with a database of hair color classifications and associatedproduct identifications empirically determined to effect the presentedchoices of color changes to locate in that database previously testedhair coloring agents capable of effecting the chosen action.

In one further embodiment of the process described, the color factorsmeasured in an individual's hair color were Hunter L, a and b.Classifications of hair color provided in the indicator or table werepercentages of grey in the hair of the individual. This embodimentenables the coloring of grey hair or partially grey hair to obtain anindividual's natural hair coloring or another preferred hair color. Thisprocedure required the selection of one of a number of categories ofhair colors such as “light brown,” “darkest blond,” “light red,” etc.The indicator or table that identified various hair colorclassifications was divided among broad hair color families or groups ofcategories, and for an individual the particular hair family division ofthe indicator associated with that individual's broad family of haircolor was found. The ranges of color factors in that division were thencompared with the factors measured in the individual's hair to arrive ata classification.

In another embodiment of the invention, to arrive at a hair colortreatment agent, a database of hair color treatment agents andclassifications of color characteristics of individuals was compiled andan individual's color characteristics were determined by measurement ofcolor factors, followed by comparison of those color factors with rangescontained in the database. In one embodiment the color characteristic ofthe individual that provided the basis for comparison was skin color.

The above and further advantages of this invention will be betterunderstood with reference to the following detailed description of thepreferred embodiments taken in combination with the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustration of an instrument for determiningHunter L, a and b values and for comparing changes in Hunter b to Hunterb changes predetermined to be indicative of bilirubinemia.

FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic illustration of exemplary memory content in aninstrument like that of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of monitoring an infant for hyperbilirubinemiabased upon changes in Hunter b in skin color and including measuring andreviewing Hunter b and L.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of monitoring an infant for hyperbilirubinemiabased on Hunter b including measuring and reviewing Hunter a as well asHunter b and L.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustration of an instrument for determininghair color Hunter L, a and b values and for those with hair colorclassifications previously determined and stored in memory.

FIG. 4A is a diagrammatic illustration of exemplary memory content in aninstrument like that of FIG. 4.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of arriving at hair color classification of anindividual.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of using hair color classification and adatabase to arrive at a coloring agent for making a selected alterationin hair color.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of arriving at hair color classification of agreying individual.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of using hair color classification of a greyingindividual and a database to arrive at a coloring agent for makingselected alteration in hair color.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration in block diagram form illustratingthe steps in the process of arriving at hair color treatment agentsbased upon a database of agents and individual skin colorcharacteristics.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Any modern version of two general types of color-measuring instruments,colorimeters and spectrophotometers, is an example of instrumentssuitable for the skin color measurement or hair color measurementaccording to preferred embodiments of this invention. The basiccomponents of either type of instrument are a light source, a sampleillumination and viewing arrangement, a means of selecting certainwavelengths of light for the measurement, a detector of the lightreflected from the sample, and some relatively simple computingcapacity. In commercially available instruments the main purposes of thecomputing capacity are to store and apply calibration information and tocalculate various color coordinates for later use. In FIGS. 1 and 4,such color measuring instruments 10 are illustrated. An individualperson's skin or hair 11 is illuminated by the instrument as generallyindicated by the broken line arrow 12, and the instrument receivesillumination reflected from the skin or hair 11 as generally indicatedby the broken line arrow 13. Based on the illumination received byreflection from the skin or hair, the instrument 10 develops thecoordinates Y, x and y. In FIGS. 1 and 4, the instrument 10 is acolorimeter, commercially available and suitable for development of thevalues Y, x and y. The instrument of FIG. 1 is particularly well suitedfor biological testing, such as in testing newborns forhyperbilirubinemia. The instrument of FIG. 4 is particularly well suitedfor methods associated with measuring hair coloration.

Another type of instrument that can be used in the skin colorcategorization methods according to this invention is thespectrophotometer that measures the reflectance at discrete wavelengthsand from these data derives tristimulus values, from which can becomputed the Hunter color values used to measure the color of a specimen(i.e., hair or skin) for diagnostic purposes as discussed below.

Important to the use of a commercial colorimeter of the kind employedfor the color measurement instrument 10 of FIGS. 1 and 4 is thecalibration of the instrument using a standard. In the early use of aninstrument of this kind by the inventors, the “Light Skin” sample fromthe Macbeth Color Checker, described in the publication of C. S. McCamy,H. Marcus, and J. G. Davidson, “A Color-Rendition Chart,” J. Appl.Photogr. Eng. 2, 95-99 (1976) was used. A tile of this approximate colorwas selected for its greater durability as an instrument standard. Itwas found, however, that the use of the “Light Skin” painted paper asthe primary standard did not adequately avoid the phenomenon known asmetamerism, by which objects that look alike (have the same perceivedcolor) under some kinds of light sources, or to some observers, do notmatch under other types of light sources, or to other observers. By thisphenomenon colorimeters may not read their colors the same as theaverage human observer would under the daylight type light sourceusually employed for visual observation, hence leading to an error incolorimeter calibration.

As an improved primary standard, the skin of a subject whose skin colormeasurements were highly reproducible, and in the approximate center ofthe range of skin colors of the human population was selected. Thespectral reflectance factors of the skin of this subject were carefullymeasured on a Macbeth 1500 Plus spectrophotometer (Macbeth, New Windsor,N.Y.); these data are given in column 2 (second from left) of Table I atthe wavelengths listed in column 1 (the leftmost column). By usingwell-established techniques of computer color matching, carried out onan ACS 1800 system equipped with an ACS SpectroSensor II color measuringinstrument (Datacolor International, Lawrenceville, N.J.), a colorantformulation matching this skin color was developed. The spectralreflectance factors for this match are given in column 3 of Table I. Itmay be seen that the data closely match those of column 2, indicatingthe absence of metamerism. Calculations according to the CIE 1976 CIELABsystem showed that the two data sets match to within 0.27-0.36 units,less than can be perceived by human color vision, for daylight,incandescent light, and cool white fluorescent light, the three mostcommonly used light sources for the proposed applications.

The above-mentioned formulation was made up in a stable, durablematerial, and tiles were prepared as instrument standards. The spectralreflectance factors of one of these tiles are given in column 4 of TableI. It was found, however, that the improvement in calibration resultedin color coordinates that were significantly different from thoseobtained in the many studies made with the earlier system. A decisionwas made to adjust the calibration values of the new tiles in order toachieve consistent results between the new and old methods ofcalibration. Column 5 of Table I gives the adjusted set of spectralreflectance factors for the tile of column 4. The CIE and Hunter colorcoordinates, for measurement with the specular component excluded andcalculated for CIE standard illuminant C and the 1931 2° CIE standardobserver, are also tabulated for each of the samples in the table.

TABLE I Wavelengths, Skin Tile, Tile, nm. Standard Formulation correctadjusted 400 19.03 20.70 21.51 16.67 420 18.96 20.69 21.10 16.93 44021.53 21.68 20.99 17.65 460 25.36 24.43 23.27 20.56 480 28.06 28.3027.82 25.67 500 30.13 30.77 29.03 27.94 520 31.19 31.31 29.38 28.24 54030.01 30.84 28.48 27.59 560 31.41 30.76 28.22 27.33 580 32.85 34.0131.49 30.12 600 44.37 43.54 42.58 40.52 620 51.24 51.57 51.27 47.93 64054.56 55.09 55.56 51.10 660 57.09 57.60 59.22 53.82 680 58.67 60.4161.82 56.55 700 59.95 62.69 63.93 58.87 X 37.14 37.28 36.14 33.76 Y34.66 34.89 33.07 31.53 Z 28.50 28.54 27.63 24.20 x 0.3703 0.3702 0.37320.3772 y 0.3456 0.3464 0.3415 0.3523 L 58.87 59.07 57.51 56.15 a 9.589.29 11.54 9.05 b 12.51 12.70 11.77 13.75

With a suitable standard, basically, calibration is carried out byforcing the colorimeter 10 to give the desired color coordinates Y, xand y mentioned above, while utilizing the colorimeter with the standardtile chosen. The method of calibration is known for particularinstruments and follows a series of steps prescribed by the manufacturerthat need not be detailed here.

In skin color testing, prior to each test of a subject, each test siteis cleansed. A cleansing agent, such as isopropyl alcohol, which leavesbehind no coloration, is suitable. In hair color analysis, prior to eachtest of a subject the subject's hair should be free of dirt. The site iswell dried to avoid any wetness which may interfere with the reflectionof light from the skin or hair 11 to the instrument 10. In all cases oftesting, with the instrument correctly calibrated, the measuring head orinstrument orifice is placed against the test site to be measured. Careis taken to avoid the admission of ambient light to the instrument.Pressing the instrument head firmly against the measurement siteprevents the entry of ambient light. Additionally, it was determinedthat best results are obtained if one removes the instrument from thetest site briefly, between illuminations. This can be provided for insoftware by a conventional delaying routine and, if desired, with anappropriate display instructing the user to remove the instrumentbriefly well away from the skin or hair.

In a colorimeter of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, at block 10 theinstrument has an internal microprocessor or other computing capabilityso that it is able to develop the color coordinates Y, x and y from themeasured values X, Y and Z (Y being the same in each case). Certaincolorimeters develop the Hunter color coordinates L, a, and b. Since thedegree of computation that the color measuring device 10 (i.e.colorimeter or spectrophotometer) internally performs varies, the mannerof calculating the Hunter values from the tristimulus coordinates isuseful to an understanding and practice of the invention and will enablecorrect use of a CPU by appropriate calculation to perform the inventionwith any commercially available colorimeter or spectrophotometer. Mostmodem color measuring instruments begin with measurement of thetristimulus values X, Y, and Z. From these can be derived the CIEchromaticity coordinates x and y:

x=X/(X+Y+Z)  (1)

y=Y/(X+Y+Z)  (2)

The instrument 10 of FIG. 1 or 4 outputs the triplet of values x, y andY as the starting point for further calculations by a central processingunit which can be dedicated microprocessor circuitry or personalcomputer 15. The remaining two tristimulus values X and Z are availableby computation as follows:

X=xY/y,  (3)

and

Z=(1−x−y)Y/y  (4)

In one preferred embodiment for measurement of biological samples, theCPU according to FIG. 1 develops the Hunter value b discovered inaccordance with this invention to be capable of use to detect andmonitor hyperbilirubinemia. In another preferred embodiment for hairmeasurement, the CPU according to FIG. 4 develops the Hunter values L,a, and b. The Hunter L, b and a values are the three values derived byRichard S. Hunter in 1958. Richard S. Hunter, “Photoelectric ColorDifference Meter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 48, 985-995 (1958). The equationsfor these are:

L=10(Y)^(½)  (5)

a=17.5(1.02X−Y)/Y ^(½)  (6)

b=7.0(Y−0.847Z)/Y^(½)  (7)

where L is a lightness coordinate whose values correlate better with thevisual perceptions of the lightness of object colors than do values ofY; a is a coordinate denoting redness or greenness, for which positivevalues denote that the color is red rather than its opponent colorgreen, and negative values of a denote the opposite; and b is ayellowness-blueness coordinate, for which positive values denote thatthe color is yellow rather than the opponent color blue, and negativevalues of b denote the opposite. For yellow colors, starting with a=b=0and an appropriate high value of L, which would be a light grey,increasing positive values of b result in a series of colors that may bedescribed as light yellowish grey, pale yellow, light yellow, brilliantyellow and vivid yellow, in turn. Thus b is a measure of the “intensity”of the yellow color.

Historically, all three Hunter values, a, b and L, have been utilized todescribe a color. The inventors have determined that one can use theHunter skin lightness measure L and comparative determinations of theHunter value b developed at time intervals to measure the jaundice thatis symptomatic of hyperbilirubinemia and by that measurement of jaundicedetect the presence or absence of the ailment. The coordinate b providesa reliable measure of the yellow undertone of the color of human skin.This does not mean that Hunter a and Hunter L should be ignored, butthey are not used in the usual way to define a color. In the particulararrangement of FIGS. 1 and 4, wherein the colorimeter 10 produces thevalues Y, x, y, the computer 15 derives the Hunter values L and b. TheHunter lightness skin color characteristic L affects the amount ofincrease in the yellow measure Hunter b that indicateshyperbilirubinemia. Following the procedure represented in FIG. 2, steps1 to 4 and preferably using an averaging technique described below, anewborn is measured, preferably within 2-5 hours of birth, to establishthe initial, baseline values of Hunter L and b, Lo and bo. The valuesare recorded, step 5, for example by placement in machine memory 17. (Abaseline Hunter a, a₀, may be calculated at this time, too, for thepurposes explained below and out of range values are discarded, i.e.20>L>80, 2>a>50 and 2>b>40. Thereafter, again preferably using theaveraging technique described below, throughout the next several days,Hunter L and b are measured at intervals as represented by step 6 ofFIG. 2. L is compared to the value originally measured as indicated atstep 7. It should not vary more than 3 to 5 points (depending on therange of L being measured) or the test is discontinued as at step 8.Otherwise, Hunter b is compared at step 9 to the baseline valueestablished shortly after birth. As determined at step 10, if Hunter Lremains consistent, if at any time Hunter b increases two points or morefor skins with L values at or below approximately 51 or three points ormore for skins with L values above approximately 51, thenhyperbilirubinemia is indicated, a confirming blood test should beconducted, and phototherapy, the usual treatment for this condition, maybe prescribed. Hunter b increases of one to two points for L values ator below approximately 51 and Hunter b increases of two to three pointsfor L values above approximately 51 can be used as red flags or warningsigns requiring closer monitoring.

When the measured value of Hunter L at any time is found to have variedmore than 3-5 points the test procedure is suspect and the test may bediscontinued. Hunter L variations of this magnitude do not ordinarilyoccur in skin color measurement. Unless this change can be explained bya change in the condition of the subject (such as anemia or phototherapytreatment, which would lighten the subjects entire skin colormeasurement and range, but in direct ratio of L and b) the test would besuspect and in which case an adjustment factor would be used tocalculate L and b.

During phototherapy too, the testing procedure according to thisinvention can be used with an adjustment factor for the lightening ofthe skin color while under the phototherapy lights.

As indicated, it has been the inventors' practice to require theadditional measurement of Hunter a at each testing. This is illustratedin FIG. 3. Again the averaging technique is preferably used as describedbelow. Based upon the testing of the skin color of several millionindividuals, the inventors have identified some 210 broad categories ofskin coloration. That is to say, 210 broad ranges of Hunter L, a and bhave been identified. Hunter L and b values for each of these categoriesare shown in Table II, set forth below. Table III, below, provides theranges of Hunter a reasonably to be expected. For certain values of L,Hunter a above a particular value has not typically been observed.Should the test indicate a Hunter a outside any previously observedrange for a particular L and b, this would be taken as at least afurther indication of some disorder in a condition of the subject if theHunter a value cannot otherwise be accounted for, e.g. from crying ordrying after bathing. This occurrence is represented at step 7 of FIG.3, which drawing figure represents the steps in the hyperbilirubinemiatest that includes the measurement and comparison of Hunter a.

The measurement of Hunter a can have the further value of a warning thatthe jaundice associated with hyperbilirubinemia may shortly occur since,at times Hunter a will increase in value just before Hunter b increases.

If, then, an infant has not been crying (which boosts Hunter a), and anincrease in Hunter a is observed, Hunter b bears watching for signs ofhyperbilirubinemia.

TABLE II Hunter No. Hunter L b No. Hunter L Hunter b 1. <27 −5* 33. 36to <39 −5 2. <27 6 34. 36 to <39 6 3. <27 7 35. 36 to <39 7 4. <27 8 36.36 to <39 8 5. <27 9 37. 36 to <39 9 6. <27 10 38. 36 to <39 10 7. <2711 39. 36 to <39 11 8. <27 12+** 40. 36 to <39 12 9. 27 to <30 −5 41. 36to <39 13 10. 27 to <30 6 42. 36 to <39 14 11. 27 to <30 7 43. 36 to <3915+ 12. 27 to <30 8 44. 39 to <42 −5 13. 27 to <30 9 45. 39 to <42 6 14.27 to <30 10 46. 39 to <42 7 15. 27 to <30 11 47. 39 to <42 8 16. 27 to<30 12+ 48. 39 to <42 9 17. 30 to <33 −5 49. 39 to <42 10 18. 30 to <336 50. 39 to <42 11 19. 30 to <33 7 51. 39 to <42 12 20. 30 to <33 8 52.39 to <42 13 21. 30 to <33 9 53. 39 to <42 14 22. 30 to <33 10 54. 39 to<42 15+ 23. 30 to <33 11 55. 42 to <45 −5 24. 30 to <33 12+ 56. 42 to<45 6 25. 33 to <36 −5 57. 42 to <45 7 26. 33 to <36 6 58. 42 to <45 827. 33 to <36 7 59. 42 to <45 9 28. 33 to <36 8 60. 42 to <45 10 29. 33to <36 9 61. 42 to <45 11 30. 33 to <36 10 62. 42 to <45 12 31. 33 to<36 11 63. 42 to <45 13 32. 33 to <36 12+ 64. 42 to <45 14 65. 42 to <4515 102. 51 to <54 8 66. 42 to <45 16 103. 51 to <54 9 67. 42 to <45 17104. 51 to <54 10 68. 42 to <45 18+ 105. 51 to <54 11 69. 45 to <48 −5106. 51 to <54 12 70. 45 to <48 6 107. 51 to <54 13 71. 45 to <48 7 108.51 to <54 14 72. 45 to <48 8 109. 51 to <54 15 73. 45 to <48 9 110. 51to <54 16 74. 45 to <48 10 111. 51 to <54 17 75. 45 to <48 11 112. 51 to<54 18 76. 45 to <48 12 113. 51 to <54 19 77. 45 to <48 13 114. 51 to<54 20+ 78. 45 to <48 14 115. 54 to <57 −5 79. 45 to <48 15 116. 54 to<57 6 80. 45 to <48 16 117. 54 to <57 7 81. 45 to <48 17 118. 54 to <578 82. 45 to <48 18+ 119. 54 to <57 9 83. 48 to <51 −5 120. 54 to <57 1084. 48 to <51 6 121. 54 to <57 11 85. 48 to <51 7 122. 54 to <57 12 86.48 to <51 8 123. 54 to <57 13 87. 48 to <51 9 124. 54 to <57 14 88. 48to <51 10 125. 54 to <57 15 89. 48 to <51 11 126. 54 to <57 16 90. 48 to<51 12 127. 54 to <57 17 91. 48 to <51 13 128. 54 to <57 18 92. 48 to<51 14 129. 54 to <57 19 93. 48 to <51 15 130. 54 to <57 20+ 94. 48 to<51 16 131. 57 to <60 −5 95. 48 to <51 17 132. 57 to <60 6 96. 48 to <5118 133. 57 to <60 7 97. 48 to <51 19 134. 57 to <60 8 98. 48 to <51 20+135. 57 to <60 9 99. 51 to <54 −5 136. 57 to <60 10 100. 51 to <54 6137. 57 to <60 11 101. 51 to <54 7 138. 57 to <60 12 139. 57 to <60 13175. 63 to <66 17 140. 57 to <60 14 176. 63 to <66 18 141. 57 to <60 15177. 63 to <66 19 142. 57 to <60 16 178. 63 to <66 20+ 143. 57 to <60 17179. 66 to <69 −5 144. 57 to <60 18 180. 66 to <69 6 145. 57 to <60 19181. 66 to <69 7 146. 57 to <60 20+ 182. 66 to <69 8 147. 60 to <63 −5183. 66 to <69 9 148. 60 to <63 6 184. 66 to <69 10 149. 60 to <63 7185. 66 to <69 11 150. 60 to <63 8 186. 66 to <69 12 151. 60 to <63 9187. 66 to <69 13 152. 60 to <63 10 188. 66 to <69 14 153. 60 to <63 11189. 66 to <69 15 154. 60 to <63 12 190. 66 to <69 16 155. 60 to <63 13191. 66 to <69 17 156. 60 to <63 14 192. 66 to <69 18 157. 60 to <63 15193. 66 to <69 19 158. 60 to <63 16 194. 66 to <69 20+ 159. 60 to <63 17195. ≧69 −5 160. 60 to <63 18 196. ≧69 6 161. 60 to <63 19 197. ≧69 7162. 60 to <63 20+ 198. ≧69 8 163. 63 to <66 −5 199. ≧69 9 164. 63 to<66 6 200. ≧69 10 165. 63 to <66 7 201. ≧69 11 166. 63 to <66 8 202. ≧6912 167. 63 to <66 9 203. ≧69 13 168. 63 to <66 10 204. ≧69 14 169. 63 to<66 11 205. ≧69 15 170. 63 to <66 12 206. ≧69 16 171. 63 to <66 13 207.≧69 17 172. 63 to <66 14 208. ≧69 18 173. 63 to <66 15 209. ≧69 19 174.63 to <66 16 210. ≧69 20+ Wherein the designation −5 means less than 5but more than 4 and the designation 12+ means more than 12 but less than13.

TABLE III If Hunter L values are: Then Hunter a values are: 24 (or less)to 44 4 to 16 45 to 54 4 to 18 55 to 59 5 to 25 60 to 71 (or more) 6 to30

For greater accuracy, multiple Y, x and y readings are made with thecolorimeter 10 at several different sites, for example at one or morelocations on some or all of the subject's forehead, cheek, chest orback, as suggested in the steps of the method outlined in FIG. 2. In apreferred embodiment 5 or 6 readings at 5 different sites are made.Hunter a, b and L values are calculated for each reading. The high andlow values of a, b, and L from each site are discarded, the computer 15then averages all of the remaining values of Hunter a, b and L for eachsite. The average a, b and L thus calculated for each site are then usedas the Hunter b and L values in the previously described testing forbilirubinemia. If Hunter a is out of range for the site measured, thiscan also be an indicator of some disorder in the condition of a subject.

Some variation of b value occurs in dependence on the body locationwhere readings are taken. Consistently averaging the values of Hunter a,b and L calculated from measurements taken at the same several locationson each individual can be used to eliminate any uncertainty resultingfrom such variations. The consistent measurement of consistent sites isessential throughout the entire procedure.

A hospital's measure of serum bilirubin typically uses a scale differentfrom the measure of Hunter b detected by the above procedure. Inextensive tests at one hospital, a linear relation was observed betweenserum bilirubin measured using the hospital's scale and the Hunter bmeasurement according to the invention. In that hospital 12 was theserum bilirubin value that signaled monitoring or treatment ofhyperbilirubinemia. Steps 12-15 of FIG. 2 and 13-16 of FIG. 3 calculatethe serum bilirubin level from the above procedures and compare it tothe determination made by blood test.

Correlation between Hunter b and the hospital bilirubin count (BRC) wasdetermined to be in accordance with the following equation:

BRC=2.5([{47/L } ^(½) b]−6.8)  (8)

where BRC equals the hospital bilirubin count, the number 47 is theaverage L for the entire database gathered over the course of research,and L and b are the average Hunter values determined as described above.

The term in braces modifies b according to the value L relative to itsaverage, in this case 47, according to a square root (superscript ½)function. It may be easier to understand the above equation if it iswritten another way. If the modified b (in square brackets) is calledMODB:

MODB=6.8+0.4BRC  (9)

The numbers 6.8 and 0.4 (=1/2.5) are, respectively, the intercept andslope of the straight line relation between modified b and BRC. The 6.8is the value of MODB when BRC=0 and is related to the average baselineskin color. The 0.4 shows how rapidly MODB changes as BRC increases, anincrease of 2.5 in BRC raises MODB by one point.

The equation is exemplary only and may vary in detail when applied to alarger database or to bilirubin count values from another hospital sincehospitals do not have a standard scale used consistently from onehospital to the next. However, the linear relationship between MODB andBRC indicates relatively straightforward conversion of measured L and bto arrive at a particular hospital's bilirubin count value so that themedical practitioner can employ the optical measurement of jaundice inaccordance with this invention in the same way she or he employedbilirubin count previously.

In the system of FIG. 1, following the routine of FIG. 2, from theinitial measurement preferably within 2-5 hours of birth, the CPUcalculates the initial Hunter values L₀, a₀ and b₀ and stores these inthe Baseline Values addresses of the data portion or RAM of memory 17.The data RAM (or nonprogram) portion 18 of the memory 17 is indicated inFIG. 1A. A relatively permanent section 18 a of RAM 18 stores the dataof Table II (and Table III if Hunter a is to be checked) and data suchas the ranges of L that establish categories of skin coloration forwhich varying Hunter b value changes are significant.

A more often revised memory segment stores the results of themeasurements performed with the instrument. Based on a relativelystraightforward program retained in the permanent ROM memory, from themeasurements taken at intervals, the CPU calculates the new values of L,a, and b (or L and b to follow the procedure of FIG. 2), retrieves L₀,a₀ and b₀, and subtracts those from the new value L₁, a₁ and b₁. Thechange in Hunter L, a and b, ΔL, Δa and Δb, can be displayed, orpreferably, the CPU determines if the change in L indicates an error bycomparing the change in L to that value, stored in the RAM 18 of thememory 17, that raises the suspicion of test error. If there is nosuspicion of error, then the CPU determines whether an increase in b isabove the value, again stored in memory, that indicates monitoring ortreatment of hyperbilirubinemia for the particular value of L that hasbeen measured. Similarly, for an infant that has previously beendiagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia and is undergoing phototherapy, thesame order of decrease to within 2 or 3 points of baseline, depending onL, can indicate recovery and phototherapy may be ended. The CPU memory17 can be provided with Table II, or another compilation of thecategories of skin coloration, which the CPU then can use as a look-uptable to determine if Hunter a has a value outside of previouslyobserved ranges for the particular Hunter L and b. Also, if desired, theCPU can calculate and display the hospital's measure of serum bilirubinbased upon changes in Hunter b, for example by applying equation 8above.

Even in the absence of an initial reading, based on observed ranges ofskin coloration, measurement of either Hunter L and b or L, a and b canwarn of the likelihood of hyperbilirubinemia if a Hunter b value ismeasured that is in excess of Hunter b ordinarily observed for subjectswith that value of L. Hunter b values exceeding those ordinarilyobserved for individuals in a particular range of Hunter L values can bedetermined by reference to Table II. For example, it will be apparentthat no individual whose skin has a Hunter L value between 24 and 26 hasmeasured above 13 in Hunter b. Such a measurement may be used todetermine that a blood test is advisable. In all instances, however,even where there has not been a Hunter b baseline established, anincrease over time of 2, 3 or more Hunter b points indicates thelikelihood of hyperbilirubinemia, and if the change is a decrease, thisis indicative of a recovering newborn.

Table IV is an actual set of measurements made on a three day oldinfant. Using the averaging technique described above, Hunter L of 48.0and Hunter b of 11.1 is calculated. Converting to the hospital bilirubincount in the equation (9) above, a bilirubin count of 10.5 wascalculated.

TABLE IV L a b Y x y Forehead 47.8 21.6 11.6 22.9 0.411 0.333 48.6 19.511.5 23.6 0.404 0.335 48.8 21.2 11.6 23.8 0.407 0.333 46.7 21.6 11.621.8 0.413 0.333 48.6 21.6 11.8 23.6 0.410 0.333 48.0 22.1 11.7 23.10.412 0.332 Forehead 46.4 20.5 11.2 21.5 0.409 0.333 46.0 20.3 11.1 21.10.409 0.333 47.4 21.4 11.6 22.4 0.411 0.333 46.1 21.4 10.7 21.2 0.4090.330 46.3 20.4 11.2 21.5 0.409 0.333 46.9 20.7 11.3 22.0 0.409 0.333Chest 50.5 16.5 11.2 25.5 0.391 0.336 50.9 15.3 11.2 25.9 0.388 0.33850.1 17.5 11.2 25.1 0.395 0.336 50.7 16.9 11.2 25.7 0.392 0.336 50.416.4 11.1 25.4 0.391 0.336 50.1 17.3 11.1 25.1 0.394 0.335 Back 49.017.1 11.1 24.0 0.395 0.336 48.7 16.3 11.0 23.7 0.394 0.337 48.3 16.610.6 23.3 0.393 0.335 49.2 16.6 10.9 24.2 0.393 0.336 49.1 18.3 11.324.1 0.399 0.335 50.0 18.0 11.4 25.0 0.397 0.336 Back 46.2 15.8 10.521.4 0.395 0.337 45.3 16.5 10.2 20.5 0.397 0.335 45.9 16.0 10.4 21.10.395 0.336 45.5 14.4 10.3 20.7 0.392 0.338 46.3 16.1 11.0 21.4 0.3980.339 47.3 16.9 10.9 22.3 0.397 0.336

The invention can afford good evidence of jaundice resulting frommedical conditions other than hyperbilirubinemia. Liver disorders inadults and children produce jaundice, for example. These and other skincolor characteristics can be factors in diagnosing additional diseasesthat affect skin color. It has been observed, for example, that at leastamong dark skinned individuals, such as African Americans or others ofAfrican descent, skin color is affected by tuberculosis.

The application of the method and apparatus is not limited to thejaundice-related testing described above. Experiments with rhesusmonkeys have shown a correlation between hormone levels and thecoloration of the female monkey's very visible reddened hind end. Aninstrument like that described above was able to distinguish varyinglevels of reddening in an individual test subject's posterior usingHunter a and Hunter L in a similar fashion to that described above. Thehormone level of the subject was thus indicated by the methods andapparatus of this invention.

Successful experimentation has begun on the evaluation of the conditionof laboratory mice based upon the use of Hunter a and Hunter L in asimilar fashion to that described above.

TABLE V Table V is a broad categorization of human hair coloration. L ab CATEGORY NAME Min Max Min Max Min Max Black 0.00 14.00 −10.00 3.00−10.00 5.00 Darkest Dark Brown 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 −10.00 1.00Darkest Dark Brown 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 1.00 1.15 Darkest Dark Brown14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 1.15 1.25 Darkest Dark Brown 14.00 16.00 −10.003.00 1.25 3.00 Darker Dark Brown 16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 −10.00 2.70Darker Dark Brown 16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 2.70 2.95 Darker Dark Brown16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 2.95 3.20 Darker Dark Brown 16.00 19.00 −10.003.00 3.20 10.00 Darker Dark Brown 16.00 19.00 2.00 3.00 −10.00 2.70(Cool Auburn Tones) Darker Dark Brown 16.00 19.00 2.00 3.00 3.20 10.00(Warm Auburn Tones) Brown 19.00 22.00 0.00 6.00 −10.00 2.95 Brown 19.0022.00 0.00 6.00 2.95 3.20 Brown 19.00 22.00 0.00 6.00 3.20 3.45 Brown19.00 22.00 0.00 6.00 3.45 10.00 Brown 19.00 22.00 3.50 6.00 3.45 10.00(Warm Auburn Tones) Brown 19.00 22.00 3.50 6.00 −10.00 3.45 (Cool AuburnTones) Medium Brown 22.00 27.00 1.00 6.00 −10.00 3.75 Medium Brown 22.0027.00 1.00 6.00 3.75 4.00 Golden Med. Brown 22.00 27.00 1.00 6.00 4.004.25 Golden Med. Brown 22.00 27.00 1.00 6.00 4.25 10.00 Medium Brown22.00 27.00 3.50 6.00 4.25 10.00 (Warm Auburn Tones) Medium Brown 22.0027.00 3.50 6.00 −10.00 4.25 (Cool Auburn Tones) Darkest Med. Blonde27.00 28.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 6.00 Darkest Med. Blonde 27.00 28.00 1.805.00 6.00 6.50 Darkest Med. Blonde 27.00 28.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50Darkest Med. Blonde 27.00 28.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 Medium Blonde 28.0031.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 6.00 Medium Blonde 28.00 31.00 1.80 5.00 6.00 6.50Med. Golden Blonde 28.00 31.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 Med. Golden Blonde28.00 31.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 Lightest Med. Blonde 31.00 33.00 1.806.00 −5.00 6.00 Lightest Med. Blonde 31.00 33.00 1.80 5.00 6.00 6.50Lightest Med. Blonde 31.00 33.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 Lightest Med.Blonde 31.00 33.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 Light Blonde 33.00 36.00 1.806.00 −5.00 7.00 Light Blonde 33.00 36.00 1.80 5.00 7.00 7.50 LightBlonde 33.00 36.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50 Light Blonde 33.00 36.00 1.806.00 7.50 20.00 Lighter Blonde 36.00 40.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 8.00 LighterBlonde 36.00 40.00 1.80 5.00 8.00 8.50 Lighter Blonde 36.00 40.00 5.006.00 8.00 8.50 Lighter Blonde 36.00 40.00 1.80 6.00 8.50 20.00 LightestBlonde 40.00 80.00 1.80 7.00 −5.00 9.00 Lightest Blonde 40.00 80.00 1.805.00 9.00 10.00 Lightest Blonde 40.00 80.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 10.00Lightest Blonde 40.00 80.00 1.80 7.00 10.00 30.00 Light Red 22.00 28.006.00 30.00 −5.00 3.50 Light Red 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 3.50 3.75 LightRed 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 3.75 4.00 Light Red 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.004.00 30.00 Medium Red 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 −10.00 3.50 Medium Red19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 3.50 3.75 Med. Golden Red 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.003.75 4.00 Med. Golden Red 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 4.00 30.00 Dark Red14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 −10.00 2.50 Dark Red 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 2.502.75 Dark Red 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 2.75 3.00 Dark Red 14.00 19.00 3.0030.00 3.00 30.00 Red Blonde 27.00 40.00 6.00 30.00 6.00 30.00 Red Blonde40.00 80.00 7.00 30.00 6.00 30.00 Black/Dk Brown/Med 27.00 50.00 −10.001.80 −10.00 3.75 Brown/Brown w/70%-90% Grey Black/Dk Brown/Med 27.0050.00 −10.00 1.80 3.75 4.00 Brown/Brown w/70%-90% Grey Black/DkBrown/Med 27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 4.00 4.25 Brown/Brown w/70%-90% GreyBlack/Dk Brown/Med 27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 4.25 10.00 Brown/Brownw/70%-90% Grey Black/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.00 −10.00 3.75Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey Black/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.003.75 4.00 Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey Black/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00−10.00 1.00 4.00 4.25 Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey Black/Dk Brown/Med23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.00 4.25 10.00 Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey For GreyHair Light Brown/Darkest Blonde 40%-60% Grey 4.00 10.00 −10.00 −0.0870%-90% Grey 10.00 To −10.00 −0.08 Maximum Dark Red, Medium Red orMedium Light Red 40%-60% Grey 6.00 10.00 −10.00 −0.80 70%-90% Grey 10.00To −10.00 −0.80 Maximum Light Red or Red Blonde 40%-60% Grey 5.00 7.00−10.00 −0.80 70%-90% Grey 7.00 To −10.00 −0.80 Maximum Medium to MediumDark Blonde 40%-60% Grey 1.70 4.00 0.00 0.00 70%-90% Grey 4.00 To 0.000.00 Maximum Light Blonde Hair 40%-60% Grey −99.99 −0.25 −1.75 −1.2570%-90% Grey −99.99 −0.25 −99.99 −1.75 *Wherein negative values denotevalues less than zero.

In addition to diagnostic use, test procedures and instruments accordingto this invention can be used to determine how to restore the hair toits natural color, or with reference to the categories of Table V or VI,hair that has changed in color by greying or by bleaching or dying canbe restored to a more natural appearance, whether the test subject'soriginal coloring or a chosen color consistent with the limitation ofthe categories identified in Table V or VI. In the particulararrangement of FIG. 4, wherein the colorimeter 10 produces the values Y,x and y, the computer 15 derives the Hunter values L, a and b. Followingthe procedure represented in FIG. 5, the colorimeter is calibrated asdescribed above. The values of Y, x and y are measured for each ofmultiple sites on the subject's hair. Preferably the top, each side, theback of the subject's head, the color of the hair at the roots and atits ends, are measured. Three measurements are taken at each site andare averaged to arrive at an Y, x and y for each site and, from theaverage for each site, Hunter L, a and b for each site are calculated.

The following discussion references tables VI through XII. Due to theirlength, those tables are produced at the end of the specification forthe sake of clarity.

The values of Hunter L, a and b are compared to the values of Hunter L,a and b of the color categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc. of the HairCategories table of Table VI. This, then, identifies the category of thesubject's hair coloring at each of the measured sites. Each HairCategory in the table of Table VI has in association with it the haircolor name, such as Black-Cool, Darkest Dark Brown-Cool, etc., anidentification of one or more manufacturer's “Levels” which are commonlyindicated upon a manufacturer's product to indicate products recommendedfor individuals with particular hair color. In other words, theidentification of hair category or classification can also indicate tothe subject or the subject's hair specialist the designation or levelthat the subject should seek out in a particular manufacturer's line ofproducts. The Hair Categories illustrated in Table VI may furtheridentify for the subject or his or her specialist the pigmentdesignation given by the manufacturers to the particular color.

The hair color categories for the several measured sites, then, can beused by the subject or her or his hair specialist to allow for accurateassessment of the hair color to be dyed and to choose product for haircoloring. As will be appreciated, the category or classification mayvary from site to site and this will inform the subject or specialistwhether it will be necessary to use varying products or longer orshorter periods of application at varying sites to achieve a haircoloration desired. In other words, dark roots might be treateddifferently than light ends.

In accordance with the further method according to FIG. 6, a haircoloring agent recommendation is made to achieve a subject's desiredcoloration change. Once having determined the correct color categoriesfor each measured site, a menu of possible actions (Table VII) affectinghair color is displayed and one such action in chosen by the subject orhair specialist. Using that selection and the hair color category, adatabase (Table VIII) is consulted as indicated at step 7 and at step 8products are identified from Table IX of a given manufacturer that willaccomplish the sought-after result.

The menu of hair color action choices available in step 6 is listed inTable VII.

The database used in step 7 to arrive at a particular product that willeffect the chosen hair color option for the particular person's haircategory is shown in Table VIII. Certain codes in this appendix that areused by this database require explanation. The same 75 hair colorcategories 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., and category names as appear in Table VIare listed under the heading “Category Name.” Also under “Category Name”the Category Group, A, B, C, D, etc. is designated as in Table VI. Next,the ranges of Hunter L, a and b defining the category appear. Under theheading “CW Level” one of four levels of cool to warm is listed. Inthese the numeral “1” is coolest, “2” is a border color on the cool sideof the cool-warm boundary, “3” is a warm color on the warm side of thecool-warm boundary, and “4” is a warm color. The “Level” column listsagain the product manufacturer's “Level” designations like those listedin Table VI.

In the database illustrated in Table VIII, two manufacturers are listedfor each category. Opposite each appears a series of numbers such as−1:01 −2:01 +1:02 +2:02. In each of these numbers the first digitrepresents an action which may be chosen from the menu of hair coloroptions. For example in −1:01, the number “−1” making hair colorslightly darker. The number “−2” means “darker,” which is somewhat moredarkening than “slightly darker.” The number “+1” means “slightlylighter” and the number “+2” means “lighter,” e.g. somewhat morelightening than “slightly lighter.” The number after the (:), “01,” is adirection to go to category group A. In category Group A, then, areidentified the manufacturer products of :011. An index, listed in TableIX, identifies products of each manufacturer. These are the productsthat will have the desired effect.

From the database of Table VIII it will be seen, then, that, forexample, to darken hair of Categories 2, 3, 4 and S, “01” appears,making reference to Category Group A1.

The database appended as Table VIII was developed empirically by, first,measuring the Hunter L, a and b of an enormous number of sample hairsfrom the numerous Categories, then applying the colorants of themanufacturers to these hairs and again measuring the Hunter L, a and bto determine the color change effect of the hairs thus colored. This wasdone as well for the lighter ends of these hairs and for darker roots.This was also done for greying hair for use in the grey hair programdescribed below. In this fashion the database of Table VIII was built.

Turning to the block diagram of FIG. 7, characterization of greying haircan be accomplished, following calibration of the instrument at stepone, by selecting one's natural color from the following List Of NaturalHair Color Options. (Table X).

Again, at step three Y, x and y for the natural hair is identified,either by measurement at a natural hair color site on the individual orby the individual's identifying hair swatches considered to be his orher natural color. From Y, x and y, Hunter L, a and b—three measurements are taken and then averaged to reach average Hunter L, a and b, orin the case of the swatch this may already have been done so that HunterL, a and b for the swatch is known.

Further sites containing grey are then measured at step 4 to arrive atY, x and y for these additional sites, which again may be the sides,top, back of the head, roots and ends. The same procedure is followedwith three measurements per site to reach average Y, x and y for eachsite and thereafter calculating average L, a and b for each site. Withthe Hunter L, a and b for natural hair and the Hunter L, a and b for thegreying hair determined, the table entitled “Calculation of Percentageof Grey Hair.” Table XI, is consulted, which defines the grey haircategories on the basis of percentage of grey.

The percentage grey thus identified is displayed and this represents thecategory for an individual with greying hair. This characterization isused similarly to the previously described characterization or categoryof the table of hair categories shown in Table V or VI.

In FIG. 8 the use of the grey hair identification as just described in aprocedure for identifying colorants to achieve a desired result isindicated. After calibration of the instrument as described, the stepspreviously discussed in connection with FIG. 7 are followed to identifythe category of greying hair. Then, at step 7 from the menu of optionsappearing in Table VII, a selection of one of the 35 choices is made.With that, now the database of Table VIII can be used in exactly thesame manner as described previously. That is to say, the category ofhair is found, the option selected is chosen as −1, −2, +1 or +2. TheCategory Group designator, 01, 02, 03, etc. is used to identify theappropriate category family to go to and in that category family isfound the identifier of manufacturer's hair colorants that will producethe desired result which is found in Table IX.

In FIG. 9 a method of using an indicator table to choose hair coloringagents for compatibility with skin coloration entails taking 5measurements for the subjects right cheek and calculating Y, x and y,following calibration of the instrument. Out of range readings arediscarded prior to calculation of Hunter L, a and b based on theremaining three averaged Y, x and y readings. Using the value of Hunterb at step 5 it is determined whether the skin tone type is less than11.5 and consequently cool or equal to or higher than 11.5 and thereforewarm. Using this cool or warm designation, Table XI is consulted toarrive at hair color recommendations.

Table XI is developed by assessment of Hunter b in the products listedto assess the warmness or coolness of those products and products arerecommended that have the same proportion of yellow to blue as does themeasured skin color.

In FIG. 4 the colorimeter 10 provides Y, x and y to the computer 15. Thecomputer's memory 17 is divided into RAM and ROM.

In the system of FIG. 4, following the routine of FIG. 5, the CPU orcentral processing unit of the computer calculates the Hunter values L,a and b and stores these at selected addresses of the data portion orRAM state of memory 17. The data RAM (or nonprogram) portion 18 of thememory 17 is indicated in FIG. 4A. A relatively permanent section 18 aof RAM 18 stores the data of Table VI. A more often revised memorysegment stores the results of the measurements performed with theinstrument. Based on a relatively straightforward program retained inthe permanent ROM memory, from the measurements taken at intervals, theCPU calculates new values of L, a and b. The CPU compares these to theL, a and b values in Table VI and indicates the appropriate hair colorcategory from Table VI, for example on the display 20.

To perform the procedure according to FIG. 6, the RAM memory 18 alsocontains the information of the menu of options in Table VII. These arecalled up and displayed at display and, using an input device such as akeyboard 22 or a mouse, a selection is made. The selection in retainedin the more temporary portion 18 b of the RAM 18.

The CPU consults the Table VIII database, in the more permanent RAMsection 18 a and pulls up the appropriate manufacturer's productidentifications in Table IX, for the choice of menu items and the haircolor category. These are displayed on the display 20.

To accomplish the procedure of FIG. 7 the RAM 18 retains the Table VIinformation which includes the greying hair categories 61 to 68 and theTable XI information giving the manner of arriving at percentage of greyhair. The CPU inquires of the user via the display or measurement and isgiven the natural hair color via the input. The CPU uses the Hunter L, aand b values and Table VI to determine Color Category or if Table VIdoes not yield a category the Table XI information is employed with L toarrive at a Category using Table XI. The category is displayed.

To perform the procedures of FIG. 8, the CPU determines thecategory-percentage of grey hair as above, from either Table VI or TableXI. The menu of selections, Table VII, is displayed and a choice isindicated. Using the choice and the category identified, the Table VIIIdatabase is used to indicate a group or “file” of manufacturer'sproducts in Table IX, which are then displayed on the display 20.

For the choice of hair coloring agent based on skin color the CPUdetermines if Hunter b is above or below 11.5 and based on thisavailable selections from Table XII are chosen and displayed.

In much the same way as described for hair and skin coloration, toothcoloration can be assessed by this invention and the techniquesdescribed can be used to arrive at a natural coloring of replacementdental work consistent with existing or replacement teeth.

Plant and crop specimens are good candidates for the application of theprocedures and apparatus of the invention. For example, conditionsleading to the degradation of grain stored in silos are observable basedupon color change. Determination of these conditions by instrument ismade possible by the techniques of the present invention, and this opensthe way to automated monitoring for this purpose. Soil samples from oilspills when measured by these procedures and apparatus indicate thedegree of soil contamination by oil or gasoline. Testing of such soilcontamination has been successfully conducted. Biological test subjectsof a great variety can be tested by means of the present invention. Suchtest subjects include, for example, hair, teeth, tissue, excretions,foods, soils, animals and plants.

From the foregoing it should be apparent that the methods and apparatusdescribed are exemplary and not intended to limit the scope ofprotection of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

TABLE VI HAIR CATEGORIES L a b Clairol L'Oreal CATEGORY NAME Min Max MinMax Min Max Level Pigmt Level Pigmt  1 A Black-Cool 0.00 14.00 −10.003.00 −10.00 5.00 1 Red M1 None Brown  2 B Darkest Dark Brown- 14.0016.00 −10.00 3.00 −10.00 1.00 2 Red Brown M3 None Cool  3 B Darkest DarkBrown- 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 1.00 1.15 2 Red Brown M3 None BorderC/W-C  4 B Darkest Dark Brown- 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 1.15 1.25 2 RedBrown M3 None Border C/W-W  5 B Darkest Dark Brown- 14.00 16.00 −10.003.00 1.25 3.00 2 Red Brown M3 None Warm  6 C Darker Dark Brown-Cool16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 −10.00 2.70 2 Red Orange M4 Red  7 C Darker DarkBrown- 16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 2.70 2.95 3 Red Orange M4 Red Border C/WC  8 C Darker Dark Brown- 16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 2.95 3.20 3 Red OrangeM4 Red Border C/W W  9 C Darker Dark Brown- 16.00 19.00 −10.00 3.00 3.2010.00 3 Red Orange M4 Red Warm FLAG: Darker Dark 16.00 19.00 2.00 3.00−10.00 2.70 3 Red Orange M4 Red Brown (Auburn Tones- Cool) Darker DarkBrown 16.00 19.00 2.00 3.00 3.20 10.00 3 Red Orange M4 Red (AuburnTones-Warm) 10 D Brown-Cool 19.00 22.00 0.00 6.00 −10.00 2.95 4 RedOrange M5 Red Orange 11 D Brown-Border C/W-C 19.00 22.00 0.00 6.00 2.953.20 4 Red Orange M5 Red Orange 12 D Brown-Border C/W-W 19.00 22.00 0.006.00 3.20 3.45 4 Red Orange M5 Red Orange 13 D Brown-Warm 19.00 22.000.00 6.00 3.45 10.00 4 Red Orange M5 Red Orange FLAG: Brown 19.00 22.003.50 6.00 3.45 10.00 4 Red Orange M5 Red Orange (Auburn Tones-Warm)Brown 19.00 22.00 3.50 6.00 −10.00 3.45 4 Red Orange M5 Red Orange(Auburn Tones-Cool) 14 E Medium Brown-Cool 22.00 27.00 1.00 6.00 −10.003.75 5 Orange M6 Orange 15 E Medium Brown-Border 22.00 27.00 1.00 6.003.75 4.00 5 Orange M6 Orange C/W C 16 E Golden Med. Brown- 22.00 27.001.00 6.00 4.00 4.25 5 Orange M6 Orange Border C/W W 17 E Golden Med.Brown- 22.00 27.00 1.00 6.00 4.25 10.00 5 Orange M6 Orange Warm FLAG:Medium Brown 22.00 27.00 3.50 6.00 4.25 10.00 5 Orange M6 Orange (AuburnTones-Warm) Medium Brown 22.00 27.00 3.50 6.00 −10.00 4.25 5 Orange M6Orange (Auburn Tones-Cool) 18 F Darkest Med. Blonde- 27.00 28.00 1.806.00 −5.00 6.00 6 Gold Orange M7 Yellow Orange Cool 19 F Darkest Med.Blonde- 27.00 28.00 1.80 5.00 6.00 6.50 6 Gold Orange M7 Yellow OrangeBorder C/W C 20 F Darkest Med. Blonde- 27.00 28.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 6Gold Orange M7 Yellow Orange Border C/W W 21 F Darkest Med. Blonde-27.00 28.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 6 Gold Orange M7 Yellow Orange Warm 22G Medium Blonde-Cool 28.00 31.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 6.00 6 Gold Orange M8Yellow 23 G Medium Blonde-Border 28.00 31.00 1.80 5.00 6.00 6.50 6 GoldOrange M8 Yellow C/W C 24 G Med. Golden Blonde- 28.00 31.00 5.00 6.006.00 6.50 6 Gold Orange M8 Yellow Border C/W W 25 G Med. Golden Blonde-28.00 31.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 6 Gold Orange M8 Yellow Warm 26 HLightest Med. 31.00 33.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 6.00 7 Gold M8 Yellow BlondeCool 27 H Lightest Med. 31.00 33.00 1.80 5.00 6.00 6.50 7 Gold M8 YellowBlonde-Border C/W C 28 H Lightest Med. 31.00 33.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 7Gold M8 Yellow Blonde-Border C/W W 29 H Lightest Med. 31.00 33.00 1.806.00 6.50 15.00 7 Gold M8 Yellow Blonde-Warm 30 I Light Blonde-Cool33.00 36.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 7.00 7 Gold M9 Pale Yellow 31 I LightBlonde-Border 33.00 36.00 1.80 5.00 7.00 7.50 7 Gold M9 Pale Yellow C/WC 32 I Light Blonde-Border 33.00 36.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50 7 Gold M9Pale Yellow C/W W 33 I Light Blonde-Warm 33.00 36.00 1.80 6.00 7.5020.00 7 Gold M9 Pale Yellow 34 J Lighter Blonde-Cool 36.00 40.00 1.806.00 −5.00 8.00 8 Deep M9 Pale Yellow Yellow 35 J Lighter Blonde- 36.0040.00 1.80 5.00 8.00 8.50 8 Deep M9 Pale Yellow Border C/W C Yellow 36 JLighter Blonde- 36.00 40.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 8.50 8 Deep M9 Pale YellowBorder C/W W Yellow 37 J Lighter Blonde- 36.00 40.00 1.80 6.00 8.5020.00 8 Deep M9 Pale Yellow Warm Yellow 38 K Lightest Blonde-Cool 40.0080.00 1.80 7.00 −5.00 9.00 9 Pale M10 Pale Yellow Yellow 39 K LightestBlonde- 40.00 80.00 1.80 5.00 9.00 10.00 9 Pale M10 Pale Yellow BorderC/W C Yellow 40 K Lightest Blonde- 40.00 80.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 10.00 9Pale M10 Pale Yellow Border C/W-W Yellow 41 K Lightest Blonde- 40.0080.00 1.80 7.00 10.00 30.00 9 Pale M10 Pale Yellow Warm Yellow 42 LLightest Blonde-Cool 50.00 80.00 1.80 7.00 −5.00 9.00 10 Pale M10 PaleYellow Yellow 43 L Lighest Blonde- 50.00 80.00 1.80 5.00 9.00 10.00 10Pale M10 Pale Yellow Border C/W C Yellow 44 L Lightest Blonde- 50.0080.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 10.00 10 Pale M10 Pale Yellow Border C/W W Yellow45 L Lightest Blonde- 50.00 80.00 1.80 7.00 10.00 30.00 10 Pale M10 PaleYellow Warm Yellow 46 M Light Red-Cool 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 −5.00 3.505 (with Orange M6 (with Orange Red Ash, Violet, Irridescent Neutral orAuburn or Blue tones) Violet tones) 47 M Light Red-Border 22.00 28.006.00 30.00 3.50 3.75 5 (with Orange M6 (with Orange C/W C Red Ash,Violet, Irridescent Neutral or Auburn or Blue tones) Violet tones) 48 MLight Red-Border 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 3.75 4.00 5 (with Orange M6(with Orange C/W W Red, Gold or Gold or Copper Red tones) Orange tones)49 M Light Red-Warm 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 4.00 30.00 5 (with Orange M6(with Orange Red, Gold or Gold or Copper Red tones) Orange tones) 50 NMedium Red-Cool 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 −10.00 3.50 4 (with Red M5 (withRed Orange Red, Orange Ash, Violet, Irridescent Neutral or Auburn orBlue tones) Violet tones) 51 N Medium Red-Border 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.003.50 3.75 4 (with Red M5 (with Red Orange C/W C Red Orange Ash, Violet,Irridescent Neutral or Auburn or Blue tones) Violet tones) 52 N Med.Golden Red- 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 3.75 4.00 4 (with Red M5 (with RedOrange Border C/W W Red, Orange Gold or Gold or Copper Red tones) Orangetones) 53 N Med. Golden Red- 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 4.00 30.00 4 (withRed M5 (with Red Orange Warm Red, Orange Gold or Gold or Copper Redtones) Orange tones) 54 O Dark Red-Cool 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 −10.002.50 2/3 (with Red M4 (with Red Orange Red Orange Ash, Violet,Irridescent Neutral or Auburn or Blue tones) Violet tones) 55 0 DarkRed-Border 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 2.50 2.75 2/3 (with Red M4 (with RedOrange C/W C Red Orange Ash, Violet, Irridescent Neutral or Auburn orBlue tones) Violet tones) 56 O Dark Red-Border 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.002.75 3.00 2/3 (with Red M4 (with Red Orange C/W W Red, Orange Gold orGold or Copper Red tones) Orange tones) 57 O Dark Red Warm 14.00 19.003.00 30.00 3.00 30.00 2/3 (with Red M4 (with Red Orange Red, Orange Goldor Gold or Copper Red tones) Orange tones) 58 P Red Blonde 27.00 40.006.00 30.00 6.00 30.00 6/7/8 Yellow M7/M8 Yellow (with (with Gold Red, orCopper Gold or tones) Red Orange tones) 59 Q Red Blonde 40.00 80.00 7.0030.00 6.00 30.00 9110 Pale M9 (with Pale Yellow (with Yellow Gold orRed, Copper Gold or tones) Red Orange tones) 60 R Red Blond 50.00 80.007.00 30.00 6.00 30.00 9/10 Pale M9 (with Pale Yellow (with Yellow Goldor Red, Copper Gold or tones) Red Orange tones) 61 S Black/Dk Brown/Med27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 −10.00 3.75 Brown/Brown w/70%-90% Grey- Cool 62S Black/Dk Brown/Med 27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 3.75 4.00 Brown/Brownw/70%-90% Grey- Border C/W-C 63 S Black/Dk Brown/Med 27.00 50.00 −10.001.80 4.00 4.25 Brown/Brown w/70%-90% Grey- Border C/W-W 64 S Black/DkBrown/Med 27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 4.25 10.00 Brown/Brown w/70%-90% Grey-Warm 65 T Black/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.00 −10.00 3.75Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey- Cool 66 T Black/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00−10.00 1.00 3.75 4.00 Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey- Border C/W-C 67 TBlack/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.00 4.00 4.25 Brown/Brownw/40%-60% Grey- Border C/W-W 68 T Black/Dk Brown/Med 23.00 27.00 −10.001.00 4.25 10.00 Brown/Brown w/40%-60% Grey- Warm For Grey Hair LightBrown/Darkest Blonde 40%-60% Grey 4.00 10.00 −10.00 −0.08 70%-90% Grey10.00 To −10.00 −0.08 Maximum Dark Red, Medium Red or Medium Light Red40%-60% Grey 6.00 10.00 −10.00 −0.80 70%-90% Grey 10.00 To −10.00 −0.80Maximum Light Red or Red Blonde 40%-60% Grey 5.00  7.00 −10.00 −0.8070%-90% Grey 7.00 To −10.00 −0.80 Maximum Medium to Medium Dark Blonde40%-60% Grey 1.70  4.00 0.00 0.00 70%-90% Grey 4.00 To 0.00 0.00 MaximumLight Blonde Hair 40%-60% Grey −99.99 −0.25 −1.75 −1.25 70%-90% Grey−99.99 −0.25 −99.99 −1.75 *Wherein negative values denote values lessthan zero.

TABLE VII MENU OF HAIR COLOR OPTIONS 1. Match Natural Hair Color 2. MakeNatural Hair Color Warmer 3. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler 4. HighlightNatural Hair Color 5. Make Natural Hair Color Slightly Darker 6. MakeNatural Hair Color Slightly Lighter 7. Make Natural Hair Color Darker 8.Make Natural Hair Color Lighter 9. Make Natural Hair Color Warmer andSlightly Darker 10. Make Natural Hair Color Warmer and Slightly Lighter11. Make Natural Hair Color Warmer and Darker 12. Make Natural HairColor Warmer and Lighter 13. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler and SlightlyDarker 14. Make Natural Hair Color Cooler and Slightly Lighter 15. MakeNatural Hair Color Cooler and Darker 16. Make Natural Hair Color Coolerand Lighter 17. Make Natural Hair Color Warmer with Highlights 18. MakeNatural Hair Color Cooler with Highlights 19. Make Tinted Hair ColorWarmer 20. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler 21. Highlight Tinted Hair Color22. Make Tinted Hair Color Slightly Darker 23. Make Tinted Hair ColorSlightly Lighter 24. Make Tinted Hair Color Darker 25. Make Tinted HairColor Lighter 26. Make Tinted Hair Color Warmer and Slightly Darker 27.Make Tinted Hair Color Warmer and Slightly Lighter 28. Make Tinted HairColor Warmer and Darker 29. Make Tinted Hair Color Warmer and Lighter30. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler and Slightly Darker 31. Make TintedHair Color Cooler and Slightly Lighter 32. Make Tinted Hair Color Coolerand Darker 33. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler and Lighter 34. Make TintedHair Color Warmer with Highlights 35. Make Tinted Hair Color Cooler withHighlights

TABLE VIII DATABASE Category Name LMin LMax aMin aMax bMin bMax CWLevel 1. A BLACK - COOL 0.00 14.00 −10.00 3.00 −10.00 5.00 1  1 Clairol:#1 −1:01 −2:01 +1:02 +2:02 Pig.:1 File:011 L'Oreal: M1 −1:01 −2:01 +1:02+2:02 Pig.:0 File:011 2. B. DARKEST DARK 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 −10.001.00 1  2 BROWN - COOL Clairol: #2 −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:1File:021 L'Oreal: M3 −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 3. B.DARKEST DARK 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 1.00 1.15 2  2 BROWN - BORDER C/W -COOL Clairol: #2 −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:1 File:021 L'Oreal: M3−1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 4. B. DARKEST DARK 14.00 16.00−10.00 3.00 1.15 1.25 3  2 BROWN - BORDER C/W -- WARM Clairol: #2 −1:01−2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:1 File:000 L'Oreal: M3 −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03Pig.:0 File:024 5. B. DARKEST DARK 14.00 16.00 −10.00 3.00 1.25 3.00 4 2 BROWN - WARM Clairol: #2 −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:1 File:000L'Oreal: M3 −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:024 6. C. DARKER DARKBROWN - 16.00 15.00 −10.00 2.00 −10.00 2.70 1  3 COOL Clairol: #3 −1:02−2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:2 File:031 L'Oreal: M4 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04Pig.:1 File:031 7. C. DARKER DARK BROWN - 16.00 19.00 −10.00 2.00 2.702.95 2  3 BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol: #3 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:2File:031 L'Oreal: M4 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:1 File:031 8. C.DARKER DARK BROWN - 16.00 19.00 −10.00 2.00 2.95 3.20 3  3 BORDER C/W -WARM Clairol: #3 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:1 File:034 L'Oreal: M4−1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:1 File:034 9. C. DARKER DARK BROWN - 16.0019.00 −10.00 2.00 3.20 10.00 4  3 WARM Clairol: #3 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04+2:04 Pig.:2 File:034 L'Oreal: M4 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:1File:034 10. C. DARKER DARK 16.00 19.00 2.00 3.00 −10.00 3.20 1  3 BROWN(AUBURN TONES) - COOL Clairol: #3 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:2File:031 L'Oreal: M4 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:1 File:031 11. C.DARKER DARK 16.00 19.00 2.00 3.00 3.20 10.00 4  3 BROWN (AUBURN TONES) -WARM Clairol: #3 −1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2.04 Pig.:2 File:034 L'Oreal: M4−1:02 −2:02 +1:04 +2:04 Pig.:1 File:034 13. D. BROWN - COOL 19.00 22.000.00 3.50 −10.00 2.95 1  4 Clairol: #4 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2.05 Pig.:2File:041 L'Oreal: M5 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:041 14. D.BROWN - BORDER C/W - 19.00 22.00 0.00 3.50 2.95 3.20 2  4 COOL Clairol:#3 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:041 L'Oreal: M5 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05+2:05 Pig.:2 File:041 15. D. BROWN - BORDER C/W - 19.00 22.00 0.00 3.503.20 3.45 3  4 WARM Clairol: #4 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:044L'Oreal: M5 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:044 16. D. BROWN - WARM19.00 22.00 0.00 3.50 3.45 10.00 4  4 Clairol: #4 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05+2:05 Pig.:2 File:044 L'Oreal: M5 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2File:044 17. D. BROWN (AUBURN 19.00 22.00 3.50 6.00 −10.00 3.45 1  4TONES) - COOL Clairol: #4 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:041L'Oreal: M5 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:041 18. D. BROWN (AUBURN19.00 22.00 3.50 6.00 3.45 10.00 4  4 TONES) - WARM Clairol: #4 −1:03−2:03 +1:05 +2:05 Pig.:2 File:044 L'Oreal: M5 −1:03 −2:03 +1:05 +2:05Pig.:2 File:044 19. E. MEDIUM BROWN - 22.00 27.00 1.00 3.50 −10.00 3.751  5 COOL Clairol: #5 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:051 L'Oreal:M6 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:051 20. E. MEDIUM BROWN 22.0027.00 1.00 3.50 3.75 4.00 2  5 BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol: #5 −1:04 −2:04+1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:051 L'Oreal: M6 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3File:051 21. E. MEDIUM BROWN (G) 22.00 27.00 1.00 3.50 4.00 4.25 3  5BORDER C/W - WARM Clairol: #5 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:054L'Oreal: M6 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:054 22. E. MEDIUM BROWN(G)- 22.00 27.00 1.00 3.50 4.25 10.00 4  5 WARM Clairol: #5 −1:04 −2:04+1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:054 L'Oreal: M6 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3File:054 23. E. MEDIUM BROWN 22.00 27.00 3.50 6.00 −10.00 4.25 1  5(AUBURN TONES) - COOL Clairol: #5 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3File:051 L'Oreal: M6 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:051 24. E.MEDIUM BROWN 22.00 27.00 3.50 6.00 4.25 10.00 4  5 (AUBURN TONES) - WARMClairol: #5 −1:04 −2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:054 L'Oreal: M6 −1:04−2:04 +1:06 +2:06 Pig.:3 File:054 25. F. DARKEST MEDIUM 27.00 28.00 1.806.00 −5.00 6.00 1  6 BLONDE - COOL Clairol: #6 −1:05 −2:05 +1:07 +2:07Pig.:4 File:061 L'Oreal: M7 −1:05 −2:05 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:4 File:061 26.F. DARKEST MEDIUM 27.00 28.00 1.80 5.00 6.00 6.50 2  6 BLONDE - BORDERC/W - COOL Clairol: #6 −1:05 −2:05 +1.07 +2.07 Pig 4 File:061 L'Oreal:M7 −1:05 −2:05 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:4 File:061 27. F. DARKEST MEDIUM 27.0028.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 3  6 BLONDE - BORDER C/W - WARM Clairol: #6−1:05 −2:05 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:4 File:064 L'Oreal: M7 −1:05 −2:05 +1:07+2:07 Pig.:4 File:064 28. F. DARKEST MEDIUM 27.00 28.00 1.80 6.00 6.5015.00 4  6 BLONDE - WARM Clairol: #6 −1:05 −2:05 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:4File:064 L'Oreal: M7 −1:05 −2:05 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:4 File:064 29 G.MEDIUM BLONDE - 28.00 31.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 6.00 1  7 COOL Clairol: #6−1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08 Pig.:4 File:071 L'Oreal: M8 −1:06 −2:06 +1:08+2:08 Pig.:5 File:071 30 G. MEDIUM BLONDE - 28.00 31.00 1.80 5.00 6.006.50 2  7 BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol: #6 −1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08 Pig.:4File:071 L'Oreal: M8 −1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08 Pig.:5 File:071 31 G.MEDIUM BLONDE - (G) 28.00 31.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 3  7 BORDER C/W -WARM Clairol: #6 −1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08 Pig.:4 File:074 L'Oreal: M8−1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08 Pig.:5 File:074 32 G. MEDIUM BLONDE (G) - 28.0031.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 4  7 WARM Clairol: #6 −1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08Pig.:4 File:074 L'Oreal: M8 −1:06 −2:06 +1:08 +2:08 Pig.:5 File:074 33H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM 31.00 33.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 6.00 1  8 BLONDE - COOLClairol: #7 −1:07 −2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5 File:081 L'Oreal: M8 −1:07−2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5 File:081 34 H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM 31.00 33.00 1.805.00 6.00 6.50 2  8 BLONDE - BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol: #7 −1:07 −2:07+1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5 File:081 L'Oreal: M8 −1:07 −2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5File:081 35 H. LIGHTEST MEDIUM 31.00 33.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 3  8BLONDE - BORDER C/W - WARM Clairol: #7 −1:07 −2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5File:084 L'Oreal: M8 −1:07 −2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5 File:084 36 H.LIGHTEST MEDIUM 31.00 33.00 1.80 6.00 6.50 15.00 4  8 BLONDE - WARMClairol: #7 −1:07 −2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5 File:084 L'Oreal: M8 −1:07−2:07 +1:09 +2:09 Pig.:5 File:084 37 I. LIGHT BLONDE - COOL 33.00 36.001.80 6.00 −5.00 7.00 1  9 Clairol: #7 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10 +2:10 Pig.:5File:091 L'Oreal: M9 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10 +2:10 Pig.:6 File:091 38 I. LIGHTBLONDE- 33.00 36.00 1.80 5.00 7.00 7.50 2  9 BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol:#7 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10 +2:10 Pig.:5 File:091 L'Oreal: M9 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10+2:10 Pig.:6 File:091 39 I. LIGHT BLONDE - 33.00 36.00 5.00 6.00 7.007.50 3  9 BORDER C/W - WARM Clairol: #7 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10 +2:10 Pig.:5File:094 L'Oreal: M9 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10 +2:10 Pig.:6 File:094 40 I. LIGHTBLONDE - WARM 33.00 36.00 1.80 6.00 7.50 20.00 4  9 Clairol: #7 −1:08−2:08 +1:10 +2:10 Pig.:5 File:094 L'Oreal: M9 −1:08 −2:08 +1:10 +2:10Pig.:6 File:094 41 J. LIGHTER BLONDE - 36.00 40.00 1.80 6.00 −5.00 8.001 10 COOL Clairol: #8 −1:09 −2:09 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:101 L'Oreal:M9 −1:09 −2:09 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:101 42 J. LIGHTER BLONDE - 36.0040.00 1.80 5.00 8.00 8.50 2 10 BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol: #8 −1:09 −2:09+1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:101 L'Oreal: M9 −1:09 −2:09 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6File:101 43 J. LIGHTER BLONDE- 36.00 40.00 5.00 6.00 8.00 8.50 3 10BORDER C/W - WARM Clairol: #8 −1:09 −2:09 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:104L'Oreal: M9 −1:09 −2:09 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:104 44 J. LIGHTERBLONDE - 36.00 40.00 1.80 6.00 8.50 20.00 4 10 WARM Clairol: #8 −1:09−2:09 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:104 L'Oreal: M9 −1:09 −2:09 +1:11 +2:11Pig.:6 File:104 45 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE - 40.00 50.00 1.80 7.00 −5.00 9.001 11 COOL Clairol: #9 −1:10 −2:10 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:8 File:111 L'Oreal:M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:111 46 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE -40.00 50.00 1.80 5.00 9.00 10.00 2 11 BORDER C/W COOL Clairol: #9 −1:10−2:10 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:8 File:111 L'Oreal: M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:11 +2:11Pig.:6 File:111 47 K. LIGHTEST BLONDE - 40.00 50.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 10.003 11 BORDER C/W WARM Clairol: #9 −1:10 −2:10 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:8 File:114L'Oreal: M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:6 File:114 48 K. LIGHTESTBLONDE - 40.00 50.00 1.80 7.00 10.00 30.00 4 11 WARM Clairol: #9 −1:10−2:10 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:8 File:114 L'Oreal: M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:11 +2:11Pig.:6 File:114 49 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE - 50.00 80.00 1.80 7.00 −5.00 9.001 12 COOL Clairol: #10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:8 File:111 L'Oreal:M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:6 File:111 50 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE -50.00 80.00 1.80 5.00 9.00 10.00 2 12 BORDER C/W COOL Clairol: #10 −1:10−2:10 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:8 File:111 L'Oreal: M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:12 +2:12Pig.:6 File:111 51 L. LIGHTEST BLONDE - 50.00 80.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 10.003 12 BORDER C/W WARM Clairol: #10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:8File:114 L'Oreal: M10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:6 File:114 52 L.LIGHTEST BLONDE - 50.00 80.00 1.80 7.00 10.00 30.00 4 12 WARM Clairol:#10 −1:10 −2:10 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:8 File:114 L'Oreal: M10 −1:10 −2:10+1:12 +2:12 Pig.:6 File:114 53. M. LIGHT RED - COOL 22.00 28.00 6.0030.00 −5.00 3.50 1 13 Clairol: #5 (with Red Violet, −1:14 −2:14 +1:07+2:07 Pig.:3 File:131 Neutral or Blue Violet tones) L'Oreal: M6 (withAsh, −1:14 −2:14 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:3 File:131 Iridescent or Auburn tones)54. M. LIGHT RED BORDER 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 3.50 3.75 2 13 C/W - COOLClairol: #5 (with Red Violet, −1:14 −2:14 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:3 File:131Neutral or blue Violet tones) L'Oreal: M6 (with Ash, −1:14 −2:14 +1:07+2:07 Pig.:3 File:131 Iridescent or Auburn tones) 55. M. LIGHT REDBORDER 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 3.75 4.00 3 13 C/W - WARM Clairol: #5(with Red Gold or −1:14 −2:14 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:3 File:134 Red Orangetones) L'Oreal: M6 (with Gold or −1:14 −2:14 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:3 File:134Copper tones) 56. M. LIGHT RED - WARM 22.00 28.00 6.00 30.00 4.00 30.004 13 Clairol: #5 (with Red, Gold or −1:14 −2:14 +1:07 +2:07 Pig.:3File:134 Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: M6 (with Gold or −1:14 −2:14 +1:07+2:07 Pig.:3 File:134 Copper tones) 57. N. MEDIUM RED - COOL 19.00 22.006.00 30.00 −10.00 3.50 1 14 Clairol: #4 (with Red Violet, −1:15 −2:15+1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2 File:141 Neutral or Blue Violet tones) L'Oreal: M5(with Ash, −1:15 −2:15 +1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2 File:141 Iridescent or Auburntones) 58. N. MEDIUM RED BORDER 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 3.50 3.75 2 14C/W - COOL Clairol: #4 (with Red Violet, −1:15 −2:15 +1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2File:141 Neutral or Blue Violet tones) L'Oreal: M5 (with Ash, −1:15−2:15 +1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2 File:141 Iridescent or Auburn tones) 59. N.MEDIUM RED (G) 19.00 22.00 6.00 30.00 3.75 400 3 14 BORDER C/W WARMClairol: #4 (with Red, Gold or −1:15 −2:15 +1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2 File:144Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: M5 (with Gold or −1:15 −2:15 +1:13 +2:13Pig.:2 File:144 Copper tones) 60. N. MEDIUM RED (G) 19.00 22.00 6.0030.00 4.00 30.00 4 14 WARM Clairol: #4 (with Red, Gold or −1:15 −2:15+1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2 File:144 Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: MS (with Gold or−1:15 −2:15 +1:13 +2:13 Pig.:2 File:144 Copper tones) 61. O. DARK REDCOOL 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 −10.00 2.50 1 15 Clairol: #2/#3 (with RedViolet −1:03 −2:03 +1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:151 or Blue Violet tones)L'Oreal: M4 (with Ash, −1:03 −2:03 +1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:151Iridescent or Auburn tones) 62. O. DARK RED BORDER 14.00 19.00 3.0030.00 2.50 2.75 2 15 C/W - COOL Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red Violet, −1:03−2:03 +1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:151 Neutral or Blue Violet tones) L'Oreal:M4 (with Ash, −1:03 −2:03 +1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:151 Iridescent orAuburn tones) 63. O. DARK RED BORDER 14.00 19.00 3.00 30.00 2.75 3.00 315 C/W - WARM Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red, Gold or −1:03 −2:03 +1:14 +2:14Pig.:2 File:000 Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: M4 (with Gold or −1:03 −2:03+1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:151 Copper tones) 64. O. DARK RED- WARM 14.0019.00 3.00 30.00 3.00 30.00 4 15 Clairol: #2/#3 (with Red, Gold or −1:03−2:03 +1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:000 Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: M4 (withGold or −1:03 −2:03 +1:14 +2:14 Pig.:2 File:151 Copper tones) 65. P. REDBLONDE 27.00 40.00 6.00 30.00 6.00 30.00 4 16 Clairol: #6/#7/#8 (withRed, −1:13 −2:13 +1:18 +2:18 Pig.:7 File:164 Gold or Red Orange tones)L'Oreal: M7/M8 (with Gold or −1:13 −2:13 +1:18 +2:18 Pig.:5 File:164Copper tones) 66. Q. RED BLONDE 40.00 50.00 7.00 30.00 6.00 30.00 4 17Clairol: #9/#10 (with Red, Gold −1:16 −2:16 +1:11 +2:11 Pig.:7 File:164or Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: M9 (with Gold or −1:16 −2:16 +1:11 +2:11Pig.:6 File:164 Copper tones) 67. R. RED BLONDE 50.00 80.00 7.00 30.006.00 30.00 4 18 Clairol: #9/#10 (with Red, Gold −1:16 −2:16 +1:12 +2:12Pig.:8 File:164 or Red Orange tones) L'Oreal: M9 (with Gold or −1:16−2:16 +1:12 +2:12 Pig.:6 File:164 Copper tones) 68. S. BLACK/DARK 27.0050.00 −10.00 1.80 4.25 10.00 4 19 BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%- 90%GREY HAIR - WARM Clairol: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:000L'Oreal: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:024 69. S. BLACK/DARK 27.0050.00 −10.00 1.80 4.00 4.25 3 19 BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%- 90%GREY HAIR - BORDER C/W - WARM Clairol: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0File:000 L'Oreal: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig:0 File:024 70. S.BLACK/DARK 27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 3.75 4.00 2 19 BROWN/MEDIUMBROWN/BROWN WITH 70%- 90% GREY HAIR - BORDER C/W - COOL Clairol: −1:01−2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 L'Oreal: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03Pig.:0 File:021 71. S. BLACK/DARK 27.00 50.00 −10.00 1.80 −10.00 3.75 119 BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 70%- 90% GREY HAIR - COOL Clairol:−1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 L'Oreal: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03Pig.:0 File:021 72. T. BLACK/DARK 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.00 4.25 1000 4 20BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%- 60% GREY HAIR - WARM Clairol: −1:01−2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:000 L'Oreal: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03Pig.:0 File:024 73. T. BLACK/DARK 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.00 4.00 4.25 3 20BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%- 60% GREY HAIR - BORDER C/W - WARMClairol: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:000 L'Oreal: −1:01 −2:01+1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:024 74. T. BLACK/DARK 23.00 27.00 −10.00 1.003.75 4.25 2 20 BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%- 60% GREY HAIR - BORDERC/W - COOL Clairol: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 L'Oreal:−1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 75. T. BLACK/DARK 23.00 27.00−10.00 1.00 −10.00 3.75 1 20 BROWN/MEDIUM BROWN/BROWN WITH 40%- 60% GREYHAIR - COOL Clairol: −1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021 L'Oreal:−1:01 −2:01 +1:03 +2:03 Pig.:0 File:021

TABLE IX MANUFACTURERS PRODUCTS CLAIROL FILES 011: Logics Violet -IVBlack Miss Clairol -82N Dk. Neutral Brown Miss Clairol -52D Black AzureMiss Clairol -51D Black Velvet 014: Logics Blue -3B Medium Brown MissClairol -84N Lt. Neutral Brown Logics Violet -3V Medium Brown MissClairol -39G Sunset Brown Miss Clairol -95D-N Nightfall Brown MissClairol -46D Chestnut Brown Loving Care -80 Auburn Miss Clairol -56RCinnamon Miss Clairol -37D Iced Brown 021: Logics Violet -2V Dark BrownLogics Neutral -2N Dark Brown Logics Red Violet -2RV Deep Miss Clairol-57D Coffee Brown Miss Clairol -48D Sable Brown 031: Logics Blue -3BMedium Brown Logics Neutral -3N Medium Brown Logics Red Violet -3RVMedium Logics Violet -3V Medium Brown Loving Care -79 Dark Brown 034:Logics Gold -3G Medium Brown 041: Logics Blue -4B Light Brown LogicsViolet -4V Light Brown Logics Red Violet -4RV Light Logics Neutral -4NLight Brown Miss Clairol -84N Lt. Neutral Brown Miss Clairol -39G SunsetBrown Miss Clairol -95D-N Nightfall Brown Miss Clairol -46D ChestnutBrown Loving Care -80 Auburn Miss Clairol -56R Cinnamon Miss Clairol-37D Iced Brown 044: Logics Gold -4G Light Brown Logics Red Orange -4RODeep Bright Loving Care -77 Medium Ash Brown Miss Clairol -75RSunsparked Brown Miss Clairol -47R Red Ginger Loving Care -83 NaturalBlack Miss Clairol -46D Chestnut Brown Loving Care -80 Auburn MissClairol -56R Cinnamon Loving Care -82 Dark Warm Brown Miss Clairol -37 DIced Brown 051: Logics Neutral -5N Lightest Brown Logics Violet -5VLightest Brown Miss Clairol -94D-N Twilight Brown Miss Clairol -86N Dk.Neutral Brown Born Blonde Toner -360 Moonlight Mink Miss Clairol -36DMoonlit Brown Beautiful Browns -18D Darkest Brown Beautiful Browns -20DBlack Beautiful Browns -15W Dark Warm Brown Miss Clairol -32D Moon Haze054: Beautiful Browns -12D Medium Ash Brown Loving Care -76 Lt. GoldenBrown Creme Toner -345D True Camel Beige Creme Toner -346D True TaupeBeige Loving Care -78 Med Golden Brown Loving Care -75 Light Ash BrownLoving Care -74 Reddish Blonde Miss Clairol -42D Moongold Loving Care-775 Smokey Ash Brown Miss Clairol -35G Sunlit Brown Beautiful Browns-20D Black Beautiful Browns -15W Dark Warm Brown Miss Clairol -32D MoonHaze 061: Beautiful Browns -11W Med Golden Brown Jazzing -78 Creme SodaBorn Blonde Toner -354 Baby Blush Creme Toner -343D True Ash Blonde BornBlonde Toner -357 Beautiful Beige Beautiful Browns -131D Med SmokeyBrown Miss Clairol -28D Autumn Mist Miss Clairol -25G Sunblonde BrownBeautiful Browns -13W Med Warm Brown Miss Clairol -74G Sunwashed BlondeBeautiful Browns -121W Med Honey Brown 064: Beautiful Browns -10WBronzed Brown Miss Clairol -28D Autumn Mist Miss Clairol -25G SunblondeBrown Beautiful Browns -13W Med Warm Brown Miss Clairol -74G SunwashedBlonde Beautiful Browns -121W Med Honey Brown Beautiful Browns -131D MedSmokey Brown 071: Born Blonde Toner -356 Innocent Ivory Logics Blue -6VDark Blonde Born Blonde Toner -358 Winsome Wheat Beautiful Browns -8DLight Ash Brown Born Blonde Toner -355 Blissfully Blonde Jazzing -76Sandstorm Born Blonde Toner -359 Fair Fawn Miss Clairol -93D-N DuskBlonde Miss Clairol -34D Hazy Mist Miss Clairol -88N Lt. Neutral BlndeMiss Clairol -34D Hazy Mist Creme Toner -342D True Brown Blnde CremeToner -10B Sandy Blonde Creme Toner -341 True Tan Blonde 074: BeautifulBlondes -6D Blonde Brown Miss Clairol -41G Golden Apricot Beautiful Reds-9W Lt. Reddish Brown Creme Toner -344R True Tawny Beige Loving Care -73Ash Blonde Miss Clairol -88N Lt. Neutral Blnde Miss Clairol -34D HazyMist Creme Toner -342 True Brown Blnd Creme Toner -10B Sandy BlondeCreme Toner -341D True Tan Blonde 081: Born Blonde Toner -352 preciousPlatnm Born Blonde Toner -353 Sweet Silver Born Blonde Toner -361 HappyHoney Jazzing -72 Icicle Creme Toner -311D 9A Towhead Creme Toner -309DChapgn Parfait Creme Toner -331G Tan Pearl Miss Clairol -92D-N DaybreakBlonde Logics Violet -7V Medium Blonde 084: Beautiful Blondes -4W MedGolden Blonde Creme Toner -307D Champagne Ice Logics Gold -8G LightBlonde Creme Toner -303G Champgn Beige Loving Care -72 Golden BlondeBeautiful Brights -30W 14K Gold Miss Clairol -27G Spring Honey BeautifulBlondes -5D Light Ash Blonde Creme Toner -311D 9A Towhead Creme Toner-309D Champgn Parfait Creme Toner -331G Tan Pearl Logics Violet -7VMedium Blonde Miss Clairol -92DN Daybreak Blonde Miss Clairol -71R-GSunrise Gold 091: Jazzing -10 Clear Hairglosser Logics Blue -8B LightBlonde Born Blonde Toner -351 Silent Snow Creme Toner -310D ChampgnToast 094: Beautiful Blondes -2W Lt. Golden Blonde 101: Logics Violet-12V Ultra Lt. Blonde Miss Clairol -20D Arctic Blonde Creme Toner -302DPlatinum Beige Creme Toner -319G Ivory Chiffon Creme Toner -315G X-LiteB Logics Blue -12B Ultra Lt. Blonde Logics Violet -8V Light Blonde MissClairol -91D-N Starlit Blonde Creme Toner -314G X-Lite A Creme Toner-332R Strawberry Blnde Miss Clairol -40D Topaz Miss Clairol -26D WinterWheat Logics Gold -10G Lightest Blonde 104: Creme Toner -340G TrueGolden Blonde Creme Toner -332R Strawberry Blonde Miss Clairol -40DTopaz Miss Clairol -26D Winter Wheat Logics Gold -10G Lighest Blonde111: Creme Toner -301D White Beige Logics Blue -10B Lighest Blonde CremeToner -323D X-Lite Platinum Miss Clairol -30D Flaxen Blonde LogicsViolet -10V Lightest Blonde Logics Gold -12G Ultra Lt. Blonde 114: MissClairol -12G Blondest Blonde Jazzing -20 Bold Gold Logics Violet -10VLightest Blonde Logics Gold -12G Ultra Lt Blonde 131: Beautiful Reds-175W Wine Brown Beautiful Brights -17W Rosewood Brown Beautiful Brights-40W Amethyst 134: Beautiful Reds -14W Cedar Red Brown Miss Clairol -33FFlame Miss Clairol -45R Sparkling Sherry Beautiful Brights -38W RubyLogics Red Orange -4RO Deep Bright Miss Clairol -44R CoppertoneBeautiful Reds -17W Rosewood Brown 141: Logics Red Violet -3RV MediumLogics Red Violet -4RV Light 144: Logics Red Violet -4RV Light MissClairol -64R Red Oak 151: Miss Clairol -68R Berrywood Miss Clairol -70RPlum Brown Logics Red Violet -2RV Deep 164: Logics Red Orange -10RO LtstBright Logics Red Orange -8RO Light Bright Miss Clairol -29R Honey RedMiss Clairol -43R Sun Bronze Miss Clairol -72R Sunberry Beautiful Reds-91W Copper Red Jazzing -40 Red Rot Beautiful Brights -34W Spiced TopazBeautiful Brights -32W Amber Jazzing -30 Spiced Cognac Logics Red Orange-6RO Med Bright Miss Clairol -31R Sunny Auburn Miss Clairol -73R-GApricot Glaze 011: Majirel -M1 Black Crescendo -1 Black Diacolor-Darkest Brown Diacolor -Plum 021: Crescendo -3 Darkest Brown Majirel-M3 Darkest Brown Majirel -M5-12 Medium Ash Iridescent Brown Majirel -M4Dark Brown 024: Diacolor -Dark Brown Diacolor -Medium Natural Ash Brown031: Crescendo -4 Dark Brown Crescendo -5.1 Ash Brown Crescendo -5 BrownDiacolor -Medium Brown Majirel -M6.12 Light Ash Iridescent Brown Majirel-M6.1 Light Ash Brown Majirel -M5.1 Ash Brown Majirel -M5 Brown 034:Diacolor -Light Brown Diacolor -Light Natural Ash Blonde Majirel -M5Brown 041: Crescendo -5 Brown Majirel -6.2 Light Iridescent BrownMajirel -M4.51 Ash Mahogany Brown Crescendo -6 Light Brown Crescendo-6.01 Light Natural Ash Brown Crescendo -6.12 Light Ash Iridescent BrownMajirel -M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown Majirel -M5.15 Mahogany AshLight Brown Crescendo -5.3 Golden Brown 044: Diacolor -Dark BlondeMajirel -M5.3 Golden Brown Majirel -M7.01 Dark Natural Ash BlondeCrescendo -6.52 Lt. Mahogany Irid Brown Majirel -M6 Light Brown Majirel-M7.1 Dark Ash Blonde Majirel -M6.01 Light Natural Amber Brown Majirel-M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown Majirel -M5.15 Mahogany Ash LightBrown Crescendo -5.3 Golden Brown 051: Majirel -M7.23 Dark IridescentGolden Blonde Crescendo -7.01 Dark Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -7.1Dark Ash Blonde Diacolor -Natural Ash 054: Majirel -Color Mixer Dark AshCrescendo -8.31 Golden Ash Blonde Crescendo -7.31 Dk Golden Ash BlondeMajirel -M6.52 Light Mahogany Irid Brown Majirel -M7 Dark BlondeCrescendo -7 Dark Blonde Crescendo -8.52 Mahogany Irid Blonde Crescendo-8.42 Copper Irid Blonde 061: Majirel -Color Mixer Light Ash Majirel-M9.01 Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -8.13 Ash Beige Blonde Crescendo-8.01 Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -10.1 Very Light Ash Blonde Crescendo-10.01 Very Light Natural Blonde Crescendo -9.1 Light Ash BlondeDiacolor -Dark Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -9.12 Light Ash IridescentBlonde Crescendo -9.13 Light Ash Beige Blonde 064: Majirel -M7.3 DarkGolden Blonde Majirel -M8.3 Golden Blonde Majirel -M8 Blonde 071:Majirel -M9.12 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde Crescendo -9.01 Lt NaturalAsh Blonde Majirel -Color Mixer Light Ash Majirel -M8.1 Ash BlondeCrescendo -8 Blonde 074: Crescendo -9.04 Lt. Natural Copper BlondeCrescendo -8.3 Golden Blonde Majirel -M8.1 Ash Blonde Crescendo -8Blonde 081: Crescendo -10.1 Very Light Ash Blonde Crescendo -10.01 VeryLight Natural Blonde Crescendo -9.1 Light Ash Blonde Crescendo -9.12Light Ash Iridescent Blonde Crescendo -9.13 Light Ash Beige Blonde 084:Crescendo -9.31 Lt Golden Ash Blonde Crescendo -9 Light Blonde Crescendo-9.12 Lt Ash Irid Blonde Crescendo -9.13 Lt Ash Beige Blonde 091:Majirel -M10.1 Very Lt Ash Blonde Crescendo -P10A Pearl Ash Majirel-M9.01 Lt. Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -10.21 Very Light Iridescent AshBlonde Diacolor -Light Beige Majirel -M10.01 Very Light Natural AshBlonde Crescendo -P10A Shimmer Beige Diacolor -Light Ash BlondeCrescendo -10 Very Light Blonde 094: Crescendo -9.3 Light Golden BlondeMajirel -M9 Light Blonde Majirel -M9.3 Light Golden Blonde Majiblond-901X Extra Lt Ash Blonde Diacolor -Light Beige Majirel -M10.01 VeryLight Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -P10A Shimmer Beige Diacolor -LightAsh Blonde Crescendo -10 Very Light Blonde 101: Majiblond -901 LightLight Natural Ash Blonde Majiblond -Lightest Light Ash Irid Blonde 104:Majirel -M10 Very Light Blonde Majirel -M9.13 Lt. Ash Beige BlondeMajiblond -900 Lt. Lt Natural Blonde Majiblond -911 Lightest Light IntAsh Blonde 111: Crescendo -P10E Iridescent Ivory Diacolor -Clear 114:Majiblond -913X Lightest Lt Natural Beige Blonde Majiblond 900X ExtraLight Platinum Blonde Diacolor -Clear 131: Majirel -M6.6 Light AuburnBrown 134: Majirel -M6.64 Light Auburn Copper Brown Diacolor -CopperMajirel -M6.6 Light Auburn Brown Crescendo -7.43 Dk Copper Golden BlondeDiacolor -Golden Copper Crescendo -6.46 Light Copper Auburn Brown 141:Diacolor -Red Mahogany Diacolor -Dark Auburn Majirel -M7.62 Dark AuburnIridescent Blonde Diacolor -Auburn Diacolor -Light Auburn 144: Crescendo-4.56 Dark Mahogany Auburn Brown Majirel -M7.62 Dark Auburn Irid BlondeDiacolor -Auburn Diacolor -Light Auburn Crescendo -4.45 Dark CopperMahogany Brown 151: Majirel -M5.62 Auburn Iridescent Brown Majirel-M5.20 Int Iridescent Brown 164: Majirel -M8.34 Golden Copper BlondeMajirel -M9.04 Light Natural Copper Blonde Majirel -M7.4 Dark CopperBlonde Majiblond -903 Light Light Natural Golden Blonde Majirel -M7.40Dark Int Copper Blonde Diacolor -Gold Crescendo -7.44 Dark Tp CopperBlonde Crescendo -8.34 Golden Copper Blonde Crescendo -4.56 DarkMahogany Auburn Blonde

TABLE X LIST OF NATURAL HAIR COLOR OPTIONS FOR GREY HAIR PROGRAM 1. IfGrey is present in Black, Dark Brown, Medium Brown or Brown Hair, pleasepress #1. 2. If Grey is present in Light Brown/Darkest Blonde Hair,please press #2. 3. If Grey is present in Dark Red, Medium Red, orMedium Light Red Hair, please press #3. 4. If Grey is present in LightRed or Red Blonde hair, please press #4. 5. If Grey is present in Mediumto medium Dark Blonde Hair, please press #5. 6. If Grey is present inLight Blonde Hair, please press #6.

TABLE XI CALCULATION OF PERCENTAGE OF GREY HAIR For Color Categories inTable IX having grey (e.g. 61-68): The “L” value of the natural hair(site #1) and the value of the “L” from another site. If the othersite's “L” value is from 1 to 2 points higher than the “L” of thenatural hair, the category is: 40% to 60% Grey Hair. If the other site's“L” value is above 2 points higher than the “L” of the natural hair, thecategory is: 70% to 90% Grey Hair. If the “L” value is under 1 pointincrease from the most natural site (Site #1), then the category is: Lowpercentage of Grey Hair. For Color Categories containing grey, notlisted in Table I: LIGHT BROWN/DARKEST BLOND HAIR: If “L” = +4 to +10and hair is 40%-60% Grey “a” = 10.00 to −.80 If “L” = +10 or higher andhair is 70%-90% Grey “a” = −10.00 to −.80 DARK RED, MEDIUM RED OR MEDIUMLIGHT RED HAIR: If “L” = +6 to +11 and hair is 40%-60% Grey “a” = −10.00to −.80 If “L” = +11 or higher and hair is 70%-90% Grey “a” = −10.00 to−.80 LIGHT RED OR RED BLONDE HAIR: If “L” = +5 to +7 and hair is 40%-60%Grey “a” = −10.00 to −.80 If “L” = +7 or higher and hair is 70%-90% Grey“a” = −10.00 to −.80 MEDIUM TO MEDIUM DARK BLONDE HAIR: If “L” = +2 to+4 hair is 40%-60% Grey If “L” = +4 or higher hair is 70%-90% Grey LIGHTBLONDE HAIR: If “L” = −.25 or less and hair is 40%-60% Grey “a” is −1.5to −2.00 If “L” = .25 or less and hair is 70%-90% Grey “a” is −2.00 orhigher

TABLE XII CLAIROL PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COOL SKIN BLACK MissClairol -82N Dk Neutral Brown Miss Clairol -52D Black Azure LogicsViolet -1V Black Miss Clairol -51D Black Velvet GRAY Glorious Grays -G07Glorious Silver Glorious Grays -G05 Glorious Platinum Glorious Grays-G11 Glorious Smoke Glorious Grays -G09 Glorious Slate DARKEST DARKBROWN Miss Clairol -57D Coffee Brown Miss Clairol -48D Sable BrownLogics Violet -2V Dark Brown DARK BROWN Logics Neutral -3N Medium BrownLoving Care -79 Dark Brown LIGHTEST DARK BROWN Logics Blue -3B MediumBrown Miss Clairol -84N Lt Neutrl Brown Logics Violet -3V Medium BrownMiss Clairol -39G Sunset Brown Miss Clairol -95D-N Nightfall BrownLIGHTEST DARK BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES Miss Clairol -46DChestnut Brown Loving Care -80 Auburn Miss Clairol -56R Cinnamon MissClairol -37D Iced Brown DARK MEDIUM BROWN Miss Clairol -94D-N TwilightBrown Miss Clairol -86N Dk Neutral Brown Logics Neutral -4N Light BrownMEDIUM BROWN Born Blonde Toner -360 Moonlight Mink Logics Blue -4B LightBrown Logics Neutral -5N Lightest Brown Miss Clairol -36D Moonlit BrownBeautiful Browns -18D Darkest Brown MEDIUM BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINESHADES Beautiful Browns -20D Black Beautiful Browns -15W Dark Warm BrownMiss Clairol -32D Moon Haze DARK RED Miss Clairol -68R Berrywood MissClairol -70R Plum Brown Logics Red Violet -2RV Deep MEDIUM RED LogicsRed Violet -3RV Medium MEDIUM RED COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE Logics RedViolet -4RV Light LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN Beautiful Reds -175W Wine BrownLIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE Beautiful Brights -17WRosewood Brown DARK AUBURN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES Beautiful Brights-40W Amethyst Miss Clairol -64R Red Oak LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE CremeToner -301D White Beige Logics Blue -10B Lightest Blonde Creme Toner-323D X-Lite Platinum Miss Clairol -30D Flaxen Blonde LIGHTEST LIGHTBLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES Logics Violet -10V Lightest BlondeLogics Gold -12G Ultra Lt. Blonde LIGHT BLONDE Logics Violet -12V UltraLt Blonde Miss Clairol -20D Arctic Blonde Creme Toner -302 D PlatinumBeige Creme Toner -319G Ivory Chiffon Creme Toner -315G X-Lite B LogicsBlue -12B Ultra Lt Blonde Logics Violet -8V Light Blonde Miss Clairol-91D-N Starlit Blonde Creme Toner -314G X-Lite A LIGHT BLONDE COOL/WARMBORDERLINE SHADE Creme Toner -332R Strawberry Blnde Miss Clairol -40DTopaz Miss Clairol -26D Winter Wheat Logics Gold -10G Lightest BlondeDARKEST LIGHT BLONDE Jazzing -10 Clear Hairglosser Logics Blue -8B LightBlonde Born Blonde Toner -351 Silent Snow Creme Toner -310D ChampgnToast LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE Born Blonde Toner -352 Precious Platnm BornBlonde Toner -353 Sweet Silver Born Blonde Toner -361 Happy HoneyJazzing -72 Icicle LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADESCreme Toner -311D 9A Towhead Creme Toner -309D Champgn Parfait CremeToner -331G Tan Pearl Miss Clairol -92D-N Daybreak Blonde Logics Violet-7V Medium Blonde MEDIUM BLONDE Born Blonde Toner -356 Innocent IvoryLogics Blue -6V Dark Blonde Born Blonde Toner 358 Winsome WheatBeautiful Browns -8D Light Ash Brown Born Blonde Toner -355 BlissfullyBlonde Jazzing -76 Sandstorm Born Blonde Toner -359 Fair Fawn MissClairol -93D-N Dusk Blonde Miss Clairol -34D Hazy Mist MEDIUM BLONDECOOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADES Miss Clairol -89N Lt Neutral Blonde MissClairol -34D Hazy Mist Creme Toner -342D True Brown Blnde Creme Toner-10B Sandy Blonde Creme Toner -341D True Tan Blonde DARKEST MEDIUMBLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWN Beautiful Browns -11W Med Golden Brown Jazzing-78 Creme Soda Born Blonde Toner -354 Baby Blush Creme Toner -343D TrueAsh Blonde Born Blonde Toner -357 Beautiful Beige Beautiful Browns -131DMed Smokey Brown DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWN COOL/WARMBORDERLINE SHADES Miss Clairol -28D Autumn Mist Miss Clairol -25GSunblonde Brown Beautiful Browns -13W Med Warm Brown Miss Clairol -74GSunwashed Blonde Beautiful Browns -121W Med Honey Brown BLACK Majirel-M1 Black Crescendo -1 Black Diacolor -Plum BLACK BORDERLINE SHADEDiacolor -Darkest Brown DARKEST DARK BROWN Crescendo -3 Darkest BrownMajirel -M3 Darkest Brown Majirel -M5.12 Medium Ash Iridescent BrownMajirel -M4 Dark Brown MEDIUM DARK BROWN Crescendo -4 Dark BrownCrescendo -5.1 Ash Brown Crescendo -5 Brown Diacolor -Medium BrownMajirel -M6.12 Light Ash Iridescent Brown Majirel -M6.1 Light Ash BrownMajirel -M5.1 Ash Brown MEDIUM DARK BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADEMajirel -M5 Brown LIGHTEST DARK BROWN Crescendo -5 Brown Majirel -6.2Light Iridescent Brown Majirel -M4.51 Ash Mahogany Brown Crescendo -6Light Brown Crescendo -6.01 Light Natural Ash Brown Crescendo -6.12Light Ash Iridescent Brown LIGHTEST DARK BROWN COOL/WARM BORDERLINESHADE Majirel -M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden Brown Majirel -M5.15Mahogany Ash Light Brown Crescendo -5.3 Golden Brown MEDIUM BROWNMajirel -M7.23 Dark Iridescent Golden Blonde Crescendo -7.01 DarkNatural Ash Blonde Crescendo -7.1 Dark Ash Blonde Diacolor -Natural AshDARK RED Majirel -M.562 Auburn Iridescent Brown Majirel -M5.20 IntIridescent Brown MEDIUM RED Diacolor -Red Mahogany Diacolor -Dark AuburnMEDIUM RED COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE Majirel -M7.62 Dark AuburnIridescent Blonde Diacolor -Auburn Diacolor -Light Auburn LIGHT REDCOOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE Majirel -M6.6 Light Auburn Brown LIGHTESTLIGHT BLONDE Crescendo -P10E Iridescent Ivory LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDECOOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE Diacolor -Clear MEDIUM LIGHT BLONDE Majiblond-901 Light Light Natural Ash Blonde Majiblond -Lightest Light Ash IridBlonde DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE Majirel -M10.1 Very Lt Ash Blonde Crescendo-P10A Pearl Ash Majirel -M9.01 Lt Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -10.21Very Light Iridescent Ash Blonde DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE COOL/WARMBORDERLINE SHADE Diacolor -Light Beige Majirel -M10.0 Very Light NaturalAsh Blonde Crescendo -P10A Shimmer Beige Diacolor -Light Ash BlondeCrescendo -10 Very Light Blonde LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE Crescendo -10.1Very Light Ash Blonde Crescendo -10.01 Very Light Natural BlondeCrescendo -9.1 Light Ash Blonde LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARMBORDERLINE SHADE Crescendo -9.12 Light Ash Iridescent Blonde Crescendo-9.13 Light Ash Beige Blonde MEDIUM BLONDE Majirel -M9.12 Light AshIridescent Blonde Crescendo -9.01 Lt Natural Ash Blonde Majirel -ColorMixer Light Ash MEDIUM BLONDE COOL/WARM BORDERLINE SHADE Majirel -M8.1Ash Blonde Crescendo -8 Blonde DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE Majirel -ColorMixer Light Ash Majirel -M9.01 Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -8.13 AshBeige Blonde Crescendo -8.01 Natural Ash Blonde Diacolor -Dark NaturalAsh Blonde REDDISH BLONDE Crescendo -4.56 Dark Mahogany Auburn BlondeCLAIROL PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WARM SKIN DARK BROWN Logics Gold -3GMedium Brown BROWN WITH AUBURN TONES Miss Clairol -75R Sunsparked BrownMiss Clairol -47R Red Ginger LIGHTEST DARK BROWN Logics Gold -4G LightBrown LIGHTEST DARK BROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES Loving Care -83Natural Black Miss Clairol -46D Chestnut Brown Loving Care -80 AuburnMiss Clairol -56R Cinnamon Loving Care -82 Dark Warm Brown Miss Clairol-37D Iced Brown DARK MEDIUM BROWN Loving Care -77 Medium Ash BrownMEDIUM BROWN Loving Care -76 Lt Golden Brown Loving Care -78 Med GoldenBrown Creme Toner -346D True Taupe Beige Logics Gold -6G Dark BlondeLoving Care -75 Light Ash Brown Logics Violet -6V Dark Blonde LogicsViolet -4V Light Brown Loving Care -74 Reddish Blonde Miss Clairol -42DMoongold Miss Clairol -35G Sunlit Brown Beautiful Browns -12D Medium AshBrown Creme Toner -345D True Camel Beige Logics Violet -5V LightestBrown Loving Care -775 Smokey Ash Brown MEDIUM BROWN WARM/COOLBORDERLINE SHADES Beautiful Browns -20D Black Beautiful Browns -15W DarkWarm Brown Miss Clairol -32D Moon Haze MEDIUM RED WARM/COOL BORDERLINESHADE Logics Red Violet -4RV Light LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN Miss Clairol-33R Flame Miss Clairol -45R Sparkling Sherry Beautiful Brights -38WRuby Logics Red Orange -4RO Deep Bright Miss Clairol -44R CoppertoneBeautiful Reds -14W Cedar Red Brown LIGHT RED/LIGHT AUBURN WARM/COOLBORDERLINE SHADE Beautiful Reds -17W Rosewood Brown DARK AUBURNWARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Beautiful Brights -40W Amethyst Miss Clairol-64R Red Oak LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE Miss Clairol -12G Blondest BlondeJazzing -20 Bold Gold LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADESLogics Violet -10V Lightest Blonde Logics Gold -12G Ultra Lt BlondeLIGHT BLONDE Creme Toner -340G True Golden Blonde LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOLBORDERLINE SHADES Creme Toner -432R Strawberry Blnde Miss Clairol -40DTopaz Miss Clairol -26D Winter Wheat Logics Gold -10G Lightest BlondeDARKEST LIGHT BLONDE Beautiful Blondes -2W Lt Golden Blonde LIGHTESTMEDIUM BLONDE Beautiful Blondes -4W Med Golden Blonde Creme Toner -307DChampagne Ice Logics Gold -8G Light Blonde Loving Care -72 Golden BlondeBeautiful Brights -30W 14K Gold Miss Clairol -27G Spring Honey BeautifulBlondes -5D Light Ash Blonde Creme Toner -303G Champgn Beige LIGHTESTMEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES Creme Toner -311D 9A TowheadCreme Toner -309D Champgn Parfait Creme Toner -331 G Tan Pearl LogicsViolet -7V Medium Blonde Miss Clairol -92DN Daybreak Blonde LIGHTESTMEDIUM BLONDE W/REDDISH TONES Miss Clairol -71R-G Sunrise Gold MEDIUMBLONDE Beautiful Blondes -6D Blonde Brown Miss Clairol -41G GoldenApricot Beautiful Reds -9W Lt Reddish Brown Loving Care -73 Ash BlondeCreme Toner -344R True Tawny Beige MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINESHADES Miss Clairol -88N Lt Neutral Blnde Miss Clairol -34D Hazy MistCreme Toner -342D True Brown Blnd Creme Toner -10B Sandy Blonde CremeToner -341D True Tan Blonde DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTEST BROWNBeautiful Browns -10W Bronzed Brown DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE & LIGHTESTBROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADES Miss Clairol -28D Autumn Mist MissClairol -25G Sunblonde Brown Beautiful Browns -13W Med Warm Brown MissClairol -74G Sunwashed Blonde Beautiful Browns -121W Med Honey BrownBeautiful Browns -131D Med Smokey Brown REDDISH BLONDE Logics Red Orange-10RO Ltst Bright Logics Red Orange -8RO Light Bright Miss Clairol -29RHoney Red Miss Clairol -43R Sun Bronze Miss Clairol -72R SunberryBeautiful Reds -91W Copper Red Jazzing -40 Red Hot Beautiful Brights-34W Spiced Topaz Beautiful Brights -32W Amber Jazzing -30 Spiced CognacLogics Red Orange -6RO Med Bright Miss Clairol -31R Sunny Auburn MissClairol -73R-G Apricot Glaze BLACK WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Diacolor-Darkest Brown DARKEST DARK BROWN Diacolor -Dark Brown Diacolor -MediumNatural Ash Brown MEDIUM DARK BROWN Diacolor -Light Brown Diacolor-Light Natural Ash Blonde MEDIUM DARK BROWN WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADEMajirel -M5 Brown LIGHTEST DARK BROWN Diacolor -Dark Blonde Majirel-M7.01 Dark Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo -6.52 Light Mahogany Irid BrownMajirel -M6 Light Brown Majirel -M5.3 Golden Brown Majirel -M7.1 DarkAsh Blonde Majirel -M6.01 Light Natural Amber Brown LIGHTEST DARK BROWNWARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Majirel -M6.23 Light Iridescent Golden BrownMajirel -M5.15 Mahogany Ash Light Brown Crescendo -5.3 Golden BrownMEDIUM BROWN Crescendo -8.31 Golden Ash Blonde Crescendo -7.31 Dk GoldenAsh Blonde Majirel -M6.52 Light Mahogany Irid Brown Majirel -M7 DarkBlonde Crescendo -7 Dark Blonde Crescendo -8.52 Mahogany Irid BlondeCrescendo -8.42 Copper Irid Blonde Majirel -Color Mixer Dark Ash MEDIUMRED Crescendo -4.56 Dark Mahogany Auburn Brown MEDIUM RED WARM/COOLBORDERLINE SHADE Majirel -M7.62 Dark Auburn Irid Blonde Diacolor -AuburnDiacolor -Light Auburn LIGHT RED Majirel -M6.64 Light Auburn CopperBrown Diacolor -Copper LIGHT RED WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Majirel-M6.6 Light Auburn Brown DARK AUBURN Crescendo -4.45 Dark CopperMahogany Brown LIGHT AUBURN Crescendo -7.43 Dk Copper Golden BlondeDiacolor -Golden Copper Crescendo -6.46 Light Copper Auburn BrownLIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDE Majiblond -913X Lightest Lt Natural Beige BlondeMajiblond -900X Extra Light Platinum Blonde LIGHTEST LIGHT BLONDEWARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Diacolor -Clear MEDIUM LIGHT BLONDE Majirel-M10 Very Light Blonde Majirel -M9.13 Lt Ash Beige Blonde Majiblond -900Lt Lt Natural Blonde Majiblond -911 Lightest Light Int Ash BlondeDARKEST LIGHT BLONDE Crescendo -9.3 Light Golden Blonde Majirel -M9Light Blonde Majirel -M9.3 Light Golden Blonde Majiblond -901X Extra LtAsh Blonde DARKEST LIGHT BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Diacolor-Light Beige Majirel -M10.01 Very Light Natural Ash Blonde Crescendo-P10A Shimmer Beige Diacolor -Light Ash Blonde Crescendo -10 Very LightBlonde LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE Crescendo -9.31 Lt Golden Ash BlondeCrescendo -9 Light Blonde LIGHTEST MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINESHADE Crescendo -9.12 Lt Ash Irid Blonde Crescendo -9.13 Lt Ash BeigeBlonde MEDIUM BLONDE Crescendo -9.04 Lt Natural Copper Blonde Crescendo-8.3 Golden Blonde MEDIUM BLONDE WARM/COOL BORDERLINE SHADE Majirel-M8.1 Ash Blonde Crescendo -8 Blonde DARKEST MEDIUM BLONDE Majirel -M7.3Dark Golden Blonde Majirel -M8.3 Golden Blonde Majirel -M8.18 Ash BeigeBlonde Majirel -M8 Blonde REDDISH BLONDE Majirel -M8.34 Golden CopperBlonde Majirel -M9.04 Light Natural Copper Blonde Majirel -M7.4 DarkCopper Blonde Majiblond -9.03 Light Light Natural Golden Blonde Majirel-M7.40 Dark Int Copper Blonde Diacolor -Gold Crescendo -7.44 Dark TpCopper Blonde

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for calibrating a skin color measuringinstrument to allow measurement of skin coloration varying over a rangeof coloration, said method comprising the steps of: (a) measuring withthe instrument a calibration standard characterized by three colorcoordinates, wherein the values of said coordinates providesubstantially the same calibration as that provided by a calibrationstandard being made of non-skin material and characterized by CIE(1931), standard illuminant C, wherein the values of said coordinatesare Y=31.5-35, x=approximately 0.37-0.38 and y=approximately 0.34-0.35;and (b) adjusting the response of the instrument to force the measuredvalues of the color coordinates Y, x and y in step (a) to besubstantially the same as the respective color coordinate values of saidcalibration standard.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the coordinatesare approximately Y=34.66, x=0.3703 and y=0.3456.
 3. The method of claim1, wherein the coordinates are approximately Y=34.89, x=0.3702 andy=0.3464.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said calibration standard issubstantially free of metamerism.